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Izinhlelo Zekhamera Ezisekelwa Yi-Drone Zokulandelela Izilwane Zasendle: Ukuguqula Ukulondolozwa Ngokunemba Nokuziphatha
Kwadalwa ngo 01.27
Iminyaka eminingi, abavikeli bezilwane zasendle bebelokhu bethembele ezindleleni ezisebenzisa umsebenzi omningi, futhi ngokuvamile eziphazamisayo ukulandelela nokugada izilwane—kusukela kumakholwa omsakazo adinga ukubanjwa ngokomzimba kuya ezinhlolweni zomhlaba ezihlanganisa indawo elinganiselwe. Namuhla, izinhlelo zekhamera ezisekelwe kuma-drone ziguqula le ndawo, zinikeza ukunemba okungakaze kubonwe, ukukala, nokuhlupha okuncane ezindaweni zemvelo. Ngokungafani nezindlela zakudala, amakhamera ama-drone amanje, ahambisana nezibalo ezithuthukile, angathatha idatha yesikhathi sangempela ezindaweni ezinkulu, ezikude, kusukela emahlathini emvula agcwele kuya ezindaweni ezomile. Kodwa njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bukhula, akukhona nje ukuthatha izithombe ezicacile; kumayelana nokulinganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha nokugadwa ngokuziphatha kwezinhlobo esihlose ukuzivikela. Kule blog, sizohlola ukuthi kanjaniizinhlelo zekhamera ezisekelwa yi-dronezibuyekeza ukulandelelwa kwezilwane zasendle, ukuthuthukiswa okusezingeni eliphezulu okushayela ukusebenza kwazo, izindaba zempumelelo yokongiwa kwezwe langempela, kanye neziqondiso ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinsiza zizuzisa izilwane nabacwaningi.
Ngaphambi Kwezithombe Zomoya Eziyisisekelo: Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Kwezinhlelo Zekhamera Ze-Drone
Izicelo zokuqala ze-drone ekulandeleni izilwane zasendle zazikhawulelwe ezithombeni zomoya eziyisisekelo, zinikeza umbono ongokwezulu kodwa idatha encane eyenziwayo. Izinhlelo zanamuhla ziyizinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zehadiwe ne-software eziklanyelwe ukunqoba izinselelo ezihlukile zokuqapha izilwane zasendle. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obubalulekile obuthathu kuguqule amakhono azo:
1. Izithombe Eziphakeme Kakhulu Nezithombe Eziningi Zombala
Izindiza eziphambili zanamuhla zihlome ngezikhamera ezikhethekile ezingaphezu kwezinzwa ezijwayelekile ze-RGB (obomvu-oluhlaza-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Izikhamera ezithwebula ukushisa, isibonelo, zithola imifanekiso yokushisa, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi balandele izilwane zasebusuku noma ezifihlekile—njengezingwe zesithwathwa noma izinyamazane ezisengcupheni—ezingabonakali ngamehlo. Esifundweni sango-2024 esashicilelwa ku-Conservation Biology, abacwaningi abasebenzise izikhamera ezithwebula ukushisa ezindizeni eziya eHimalayas bakhuphule izinga lokuthola kwabo izingwe zesithwathwa ngo-67% uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuhlola ezisemhlabeni. Izikhamera ze-multispectral, ezithwebula idatha kuwo wonke ama-wavelengths e-infrared ne-ultraviolet, zivumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlole impilo yezilwane ngokuhlaziya izinguquko esimweni soboya noma samaphiko, noma zize zithole izinguquko zomzimba ezihlobene nengcindezi ezingabonakali ezikhamereni ze-RGB.
Lezi zinto ezithwalwayo manje sezilula futhi azisebenzisi kakhulu amandla, okwenza izindiza ezingenamuntu (drones) zihlale emoyeni isikhathi eside—kufika kumaminithi angu-90 ezinhlobonhlobo ezindizayo—futhi zihlanganise izindawo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokushajwa njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-DJI Matrice 350 RTK, ethandwa kakhulu abalondolozi bemvelo, ingathwala amakhamera ashisayo nawokukhanya okungafani ngasikhathi sinye, ilethe idatha enezendlalelo enikeza umbono ophelele wokuziphatha kwezilwane nokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokuhlala.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwesikhathi Sangempela Okusekelwe Ku-AI
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ekulandeleni kwezilwane zasendle yikucubungula idatha. Ukubuyekeza ngesandla amahora amavidiyo endiza ezingenamuntu ukubala izilwane noma ukulandelela ukunyakaza kuthatha isikhathi futhi kulula ukwenza amaphutha omuntu. Namuhla, izinhlelo zamakhamera endiza ezingenamuntu zihlanganiswe nezinqubo ze-machine learning (ML) ezingahlaziya ividiyo ngesikhathi sangempela, zithole, zihlonze, futhi zibale izilwane ngazinye ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwe-AI kuguqula idatha ebonakalayo ibe yimibono eyenziwayo ngemizuzu, hhayi ezinsukwini.
Izinkampani ezifana ne-Wildlife Insights, inkundla esekelwa yi-Google, zithuthukise amamodeli avulekile e-ML aqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ezithombeni zezilwane zasendle. Amamodeli la angahlukanisa izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu—njengezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyamazane noma izinyoni—futhi aqaphele ngisho nezilwane ngazinye ngokusekelwe emamaki azo ahlukile, njengezindawo ezindlebeni zengwe noma imigqa yedebra. E-Maasai Mara National Reserve yaseKenya, abacwaningi basebenzise amakhamera e-drone anikwe amandla yi-AI ukulandelela ukufuduka kwezinyamazane, becubungula amahora angaphezu kuka-500 wezithombe emavikini amabili kuphela, futhi babala ngokunembile izilwane ezingaphezu kuka-200,000—umsebenzi obungathatha ithimba labacwaningi abayi-10 amasonto ukuthi liwenze mathupha.
3. Indiza Ezimele kanye Nokuvalwa Kwendawo (Geofencing)
Ubuchwepheshe bokundiza ngokuzenzakalelayo benze ukulandelela ngama-drone kube ngempumelelo futhi kungancikile kubasebenzi babantu. Abacwaningi bangahlela ama-drone ukuthi alandele imizila yokundiza esele ichaziwe kusetshenziswa i-GPS, baqinisekise ukumbozwa okuqhubekayo kwezindawo ezihlosiwe. Izici ze-Geofencing nazo zivimbela ama-drone ukuthi angangeni ezindaweni ezinqatshelwe, njengezindawo zokuzalanela ezivikelwe noma izindawo ezinomsebenzi omkhulu wabantu, kunciphisa ubungozi bokuthukuthelisa izilwane zasendle. Ezinye izinhlelo ezithuthukile zisebenzisa ngisho nokubona ngekhompyutha ukugwema izithiyo ezifana nezihlahla noma amawa, okuvumela ama-drone ukuthi azulazule ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengamahlathi emvula ngokungenelela okuncane kwabantu.
Lokhu kuzimela kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezikude, lapho ukufinyelela kunzima khona futhi ubukhona babantu bungaphazamisa ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ehlathini i-Amazon, abalondolozi basebenzisa izindiza ezingenamuntu ezizenzakalelayo ukuze baqaphe indawo yokuhlala yengwe yesimfene esibucayi esisengcupheni yokushabalala. Izindiza ezingenamuntu zindiza imizila ehlelelwe kusengaphambili ekuseni nakusihlwa, lapho izimfene zisebenza kakhulu, zithatha izithombe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuziphatha kwazo kwemvelo.
Umthelela Wangempela: Indlela Amakhamera E-Drone Asindisa Ngayo Izilwane Ezisengcupheni Yokushabalala
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezithombe ezithuthukisiwe, ukuhlaziywa kwe-AI, kanye nokundiza okuzenzakalelayo kwenze izinhlelo zamakhamera asekelwe ku-drone zaba amathuluzi abalulekile ekongiwa kwemvelo. Nansi izifundo ezintathu ezihehayo ezibonisa umthelela wazo wangempela:
Isifundo Sendawo 1: Ukulandelela Izimfene Zasolwandle Ezisengcupheni Yokushabalala E-Australia
Izimfene zasolwandle zingezinye zezilwane zasolwandle ezisengcupheni enkulu, izindawo zazo zokuhlala zithathelwa indawo ukulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala, ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, kanye noshintsho lwesimo sezulu. Izindlela zokuhlola ezivamile—njengokuhlola amabhishi ebusuku—zidinga umsebenzi omningi futhi zingaphazamisa izimfene ezibeka amaqanda. E-Queensland, e-Australia, abacwaningi abavela e-University of the Sunshine Coast basebenzisa amakhamera amadroni anezinzwa ezishisayo ukuze bahlole izindawo zokuhlala zezimfene zasolwandle eziluhlaza nezilwane ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-loggerhead.
Amakhamera ashisayo athola ukushisa okukhishwe izidlele zezimfudu, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bathole izidlele besuka emoyeni ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izimfudu. I-AI algorithms bese ihlaziya izithombe ukubala izidlele, ukulandelela amazinga okuphumelela kokuzalwa, futhi ngisho nokukhomba izinsongo ezingaba khona, njengezimbobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye noma ukuguguleka. Selokhu kwethulwa uhlelo lwe-drone ngo-2022, iqembu locwaningo lenyuse izinga lokuthola izidlele ngo-40% futhi yanciphisa ukuphazamiseka ezimfudwini ezibeka amaqanda ngo-90%. Le datha isisize amaqembu omphakathi asiza ukonga ukonga ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo zokuvikela ezihlosiwe, njengokufaka izindonga zokuvikela izilwane ezidla ezinye eduze kwezidlele ezisengozini enkulu.
Isifundo Sokuphila 2: Ukuqapha Izibalo Zendlulamthetho eBotswana
I-Botswana iyikhaya lezindlovu ezinkulu emhlabeni, kodwa lezi zilwane zibhekene nezinsongo zokubulawa kwezinyamazane kanye nokungqubuzana kwabantu nezilwane zasendle. Izindilinga zomoya zakudala ezisebenzisa izindiza eziqashwa abantu ziyabiza futhi zimboza izindawo ezilinganiselwe, okwenza kube nzima ukulandelela izimo zabantu ngokunembayo. Umnyango wezaseBotswana wezaseWildlife kanye neNational Parks ubambisene nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bezindiza ezingenamuntu ukuthi zisebenzise izindiza ezingenamuntu ezihlomele amakhamera aphezulu we-RGB kanye ne-thermal.
Izindiza ezingenamuntu zindiza imizila ezizenzakalelayo phezu kwezindawo ezibanzi zesavanna, zithwebula izithombe ezihlaziwa yi-AI ukubala izindlovu, ukukhomba amathole (isibonakaliso esibalulekile sempilo yabantu), nokuthola izimpawu zokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, njengamakamu angemthetho noma imikhondo yezimoto. Ngo-2023, uhlelo luthole umzila wokufuduka wezindlovu ongazange waziwa ngaphambili, okuvumele uhulumeni ukuthi asungule umzila omusha ovikelwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana kwabantu nezilwane zasendle. Idatha yezindiza ezingenamuntu iphinde yembula ukwanda okungu-12% enanini yamathole ezindlovu eminyakeni emibili, okuhlinzeka ngobufakazi bokuthi imizamo yokulondolozwa iyasebenza.
I sifundo seCase 3: Ukufunda Ukuziphatha Kwempungushe Yase-Arctic eNorway
Izimpungushe zase-Arctic zivumelana nokubanda okwedlulele, kodwa izinombolo zazo ziyancipha ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu kanye nokuncintisana nezimpungushe ezibomvu. Ukufunda ukuziphatha kwazo endaweni ekude ye-Arctic tundra kuyinselele, njengoba ubukhona babantu bungakwazi ukwesabisa izimpungushe futhi buguqule imikhuba yazo yemvelo. Abacwaningi abavela eNorwegian Polar Institute basebenzisa ama-drone amancane, alula ahlomele amakhamera anencazelo ephezulu ukubuka izimpungushe zase-Arctic ukude.
Izindiza ezingenamuntu zihlelwe ukuba zindize emakhanyeni aphansi (ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-50) ukuze zithwebule izithombe ezinemininingwane zezidleke zezimpungushe, indlela yokuzingela, kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi. Izinhlelo ze-AI zisiza abacwaningi ukuthi balandele izimpungushe ngazinye ngezimpawu zoboya bazo ezihlukile, okubavumela ukuthi bafunde izindlela zokuhamba kanye nezakhiwo zemindeni. Idatha eqoqwe iveze ukuthi izimpungushe zase-Arctic zishintsha imikhuba yazo yokuzingela ngenxa yokuqothuka komthombo wamaqhwa olwandle, zishintshela ekuzingeleni izilwane ezincane zasemhlabeni. Leli qiniso lisize abavikeli ukuthi babikezele ukuthi lolu hlobo luzozivumelanisa kanjani noshintsho lwesimo sezulu esizayo futhi bathuthukise amasu okuvikela aqondisiwe.
Izinselele kanye Nokucatshangelwa Okuziphatha: Ukusebenzisa Amakhamera E-Drone Ngokuzibophezela
Ngenkathi izinhlelo zamakhamera ezisekelwe ku-drone zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile, ziphinde zethule izinselele kanye nezingxabano zokuziphatha okumele kuxazululwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziyasekela, kunokuba zilimaze, ukulondolozwa kwezilwane zasendle. Nansi imicabango eyinhloko:
1. Ukunciphisa Ukuphazamiseka Kwezilwane Zasendle
Ama-drones angadala ingcindezi ezilwaneni, ikakhulukazi uma eziphonsa eduze kakhulu noma njalo. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo—njengamaphiko ezinyoni, izinyathi, kanye nezilwane zasolwandle—zingashiya amaqanda, zishintshe indlela yokudla, noma zibaleke uma ama-drones ekhona. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, abavikeli bemvelo kumele balandele izinqubo ezinhle, njengokuphonsa ama-drones ezingeni elifanele (ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwama-100 meters ezilwaneni ezinkulu), ukugwema izikhathi ezibucayi (njengokukhulelwa noma izikhathi zokubeka amaqanda), nokusebenzisa ama-drones athule.
Ngo-2023, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ikhishile imihlahlandlela yokusebenzisa ama-drones ekuvikeleni izilwane, iphakamisa ukuthi abacwaningi benze ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuphonsa ukuze bathole izindawo nezilwane ezibucayi, futhi banciphise isikhathi sokuphonsa ukuze banciphise ukuphazamiseka. Ngokulandela lezi ziqondiso, abacwaningi bangaqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokulandela ama-drones zidlula ubungozi.
2. Ubumfihlo Bedatha Nokuphepha
Izithombe ze-drone kanye nedatha ehlaziywe yi-AI ziqukethe ulwazi olubucayi, njengezindawo zezidleke zezilwane ezisengcupheni yokushabalala noma izindlela zokuhamba zezilwane ezingavamile. Lolu lwazi lungasebenziseka kabi abazingeli ngokungemthetho uma lungavikeliwe kahle. Izinhlangano zokongiwa kwezilwane kufanele zisebenzise izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha kwedatha, njengokufaka ubumfihlo ezithombeni, ukukhawulela ukufinyelela kubantu abagunyaziwe kuphela, nokusebenzisa izinkundla zokugcina idatha ezivikelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinkinga zokuziphatha mayelana nokwabelana ngedatha. Ngenkathi ukwabelana ngedatha nabanye abacwaningi kungathuthukisa imizamo yokongiwa kwezilwane, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ayibeki izilwane zasendle engozini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushicilela indawo eqondile yendawo yokuzalela yohlobo lwesilwane esisengcupheni enkulu kungadonsela abazingeli ngokungemthetho. Izinhlangano eziningi manje zisebenzisa izindlela zokungaziwa, njengokufiphaza izindawo ezithile zendawo, lapho zabelana ngedatha ye-drone esidlangalaleni.
3. Izithiyo Zokulawula Nokufinyelela
Emikhawulweni eminingi, imithetho eqinile ilawula ukusetshenziswa kwezindiza ezingenamuntu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivikelwe. Ukuthola izimvume zokundiza izindiza ezingenamuntu ezipaki zezwe noma ezindaweni zokulondolozwa kwezilwane kungathatha isikhathi futhi kubize kakhulu, kukhawulela ukufinyelela kulawa mathuluzi ezinhlanganweni ezincane zokulondolozwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezikude ngokuvamile azinayo ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi okuthembekile, okwenza kube nzima ukudlulisa izithombe ezivela ezindizeni ezingenamuntu ukuze kuhlaziywe ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ukubhekana nalezi zithiyo, amanye ahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni basebenza ukwenza lula izinqubo zezimvume kanye nokwandisa ukufinyelela kwe-inthanethi ezindaweni ezikude zokongiwa kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-African Wildlife Foundation ibambisene nezinkampani zezokuxhumana ukufaka imibhoshongo ye-inthanethi esebenzisa amandla elanga ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokongiwa kwemvelo, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi badlulise idatha ye-drone ngaphandle kwentambo.
Ikhethelo Lekusasa Lokulandelela Izilwane Nge-Drone: Yini Elandelayo?
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, izinhlelo zamakhamera asekelwe ku-drone zizoba amathuluzi anamandla kakhulu ekongiwa kwemvelo kwezilwane. Nansi izitayela ezintathu ezivelayo ongazibuka:
1. Amadroni Amancane, Anomandla Ngaphezulu
Ukunciphisa ubukhulu bobuchwepheshe bamadoroni kuzoholela emadronini amancane, alula angakwazi ukuzulazula ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu, njengamahlathi agcwele izihlahla noma izimfihlo zemihume. Lawa madroni amancane, amanye angozizi oluncane njengolwezinyoni ezincane, azokwazi ukusondela ezilwaneni ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, athwebule izithombe ezinemininingwane yezindlela ezingazange zifinyeleleke ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, amadoroni amancane angasetshenziswa ukutadisha imiphakathi yezimvubu emihumeni noma imiqulu yezinyoni ezindaweni eziphakeme zamahlathi emvula.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa ne-IoT kanye ne-Sensor Networks
Izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zezindiza ezingenamuntu zizohlanganiswa ne-Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, njengama-GPS trackers kanye nama-environmental monitors, ukuqoqa idatha ephelele kakhudlwana. Ngokwesibonelo, izindiza ezingenamuntu zingafaka ama-sensors amancane, angaphazamisi eduze kwezidleke zezilwane ukuze kuqashwe izinga lokushisa, umswakama, kanye nekhwalithi yomoya, okunikeza ukuqonda ngokuthi ushintsho lwesimo sezulu luthinta kanjani ukufaneleka kwendawo yokuhlala. Le datha ehlanganisiwe izosiza abalondolozi ukuthi bakhe amamodeli anembayo kakhudlwana ezimpendulweni zezinhlobo ezishintsha imvelo.
3. I-AI Ethuthukisiwe kanye Nokuhlaziywa Okubikezelayo
Ama-algorithm we-AI azoba ngobuchwepheshe obuningi, avumela ama-drone ukuthi angakwazi nje ukuthola nokubala izilwane kodwa futhi abikezele izenzo zazo. Ngokwesibonelo, amamodeli okufunda ngomshini angahlaziya idatha yama-drone esedlule ukubikezela ukuthi imisebenzi yokuzingela ngokungemthetho ingenzeka nini futhi kuphi, okuvumela abalondolozi ukuthi babeke amaqembu okulwa nokuzingela ngokungemthetho ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-AI ingasiza ukuthola izimpawu zokuqala zokuqubuka kwezifo ezilwaneni zasendle ngokuthola izinguquko ekuziphatheni noma esimweni somzimba.
Isiphetho: Ukulinganisa Ubuchule Nokunakekela
Izinhlelo zekhamera ezisekelwa ama-drone ziguqule kakhulu ukulandelelwa kwezilwane zasendle, zinikeza abavikeli indawo yokufinyelela idatha okwakungakaze kube lula ukuyiqoqa. Kusukela ekulandeleleni izimfene ezisengcupheni yokushabalala olwandle e-Australia kuya ekuqapheni izindlovu e-Botswana, lezi zinsiza zisiza ukuvikela ezinye zezilwane ezisengcupheni kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, njengoba samukela ubuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili ukuphathwa ngokuziphatha—ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka ezilwaneni zasendle, ukuvikela idatha ebucayi, nokubhekana nezithiyo zomthetho.
Ikhethelo lokongiwa kwezilwane zasendle lincike ekubeni sikwazi kanjani ukulinganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha nokuhlonipha imvelo. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zekhamera ezisekelwa ama-drone ngendlela efanele, singathola ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze sivikele izinto eziphilayo ezahlukene futhi siqinisekise ikusasa elizinzile kwezilwane zasendle nabantu. Noma ngabe ungumeluleki wezokongiwa kwezilwane, umthandi wezobuchwepheshe, noma nje umuntu onakekela umhlaba wemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-drone kunikeza ithemba lendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana, enozwelo, yokuvikela izilwane zasendle.
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