isiZulu
Isifundo Sokucwaninga: Ukusebenzisa Ama-Module E-Camera Emadroneni Ezolimo – Ukuguqula Ukulima Okunembile Ukuze Kwandiswe, Kuphumelele, Futhi Kwenze Inzuzo
Kwadalwa ngo 11.14
Umkhakha wezolimo emhlabeni ubhekene nomsebenzi ongenakuphikiswa: ukudla abantu abalinganiselwa ku-9.7 billion ngo-2050 ngenkathi kubhekwe ushintsho lwezulu, ukuncipha komhlaba okungasetshenziswa, kanye nezindleko zokufaka ezikhulayo. Kweminyaka eminingi, abalimi babekhululekile emsebenzini wezandla, ukucabanga, kanye nezindlela ezifanayo—kuvame ukuholela ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwamanzi, amafutha, kanye nezibulali-zinambuzane, izinsiza ezilahlekile, kanye nezivuno ezingaguquguquki. Namuhla, ezolimo ezinembile (PA) zishintsha umkhakha, futhi enhliziyweni yalolu shintsho kukhona ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile: amamojula wekhamera ezindizeni zezolimo.
Ngokwehlukile kumadroni abathengi anamakhamera ayisisekelo, idrone ethile yezolimoamamojula ekhameraare engineered to capture data that solves real farming challenges—from early pest detection to variable-rate irrigation. This case study dives into two real-world implementations (a mid-sized U.S. grain farm and a large-scale Brazilian palm oil plantation), the camera technology selected, and the measurable impact on yield, cost, and sustainability.
Ukuqonda Amamojula Ezikhamuzi Zezolimo: Ngaphezu Kokuthi "Thatha Izithombe"
Ukuze uqonde inani lawo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa amamojula amakhamera ezolimo kumakhamera ajwayelekile. Lezi zinsiza ezikhethekile zakhiwe ukuze ziqoqe idatha ye-agronomic esebenzayo, hhayi kuphela izithombe. Izinhlobo ezivamile ezisetshenziswa ekulimaleni okunembile zifaka phakathi:
1. Amamojula e-RGB Camera
Isisekelo sokuthwebula izithombe nge-drone yezolimo, amakhamera e-RGB (Red-Green-Blue) athwebula ukukhanya okubonakalayo—okufana nekhamera yeselula kodwa kuthuthukiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwe-drone nokwakhiwa kwemikhakha ephezulu. Asebenza kahle ekwakheni imephu ye-2D/3D, ukuthola ukuhuzuka komhlabathi, ukulandela ubukhulu bokuma kwezitshalo, nokuthola izinkinga ezinkulu (isb. umonakalo wezikhukhula noma ukuhlaselwa kwezihlahla). Imodyuli ze-RGB zesimanje zezolimo zivame ukufaka izici ezifana nezivalo zomshini (ukugwema ukungacacisi ngesikhathi sokundiza) kanye ne-high dynamic range (HDR) ukuze zikwazi ukuphatha ukukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo noma imigqa ethulile.
2. Imodyuli Zekhamera Eziningi Izinhlanga
I-"workhorse" ye-precision agriculture, ama-multispectral cameras abamba ukukhanya okungaphezu kwe-spectra ebonakalayo—ngokuvamile i-near-infrared (NIR), i-red edge, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ama-bands aluhlaza noma aluhlaza okotshani. Izitshalo zikhombisa futhi zithathe ukukhanya ngendlela ehlukile ngokuya ngempilo yazo: izitshalo eziphazamisekile (ezivela emakhazeni, ukuntuleka kwezithako, noma isifo) zikhombisa ukukhanya okuncane kwe-NIR kunezitshalo eziphilile. Ngokuhlaziya lezi zimpawu ze-spectral, abalimi bangakwazi ukuthola izinkinga eziviki ngaphambi kokuba kube nezimpawu ezibonakalayo (isb. ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen noma i-blight yokuqala kumatamatisi).
3. Imodyuli Zekhamera Zokushisa
Ukutholwa kwe-thermal imaging kubona amaphethini okushisa, okwenza kube kuhle ekuphathweni kokunisela nasekutholeni izilokazane. Izitshalo eziphilile zikhupha amanzi, okwenza kube neqhwa ezithelweni zazo—ngakho izindawo ezibandayo emasimini zivame ukukhombisa umswakama owanele, kanti izindawo ezishisayo zingase zikhombise ukucindezeleka kokushoda kwamanzi. Imodyuli ye-thermal iphinde isize ukuthola izindawo ezinamagciwane (isb., imiphakathi yezinambuzane ekhiqiza ukushisa) noma ibonise umhlabathi ogcwele amanzi (okugcina ukushisa ngendlela ehlukile kunomhlabathi opholile).
4. AmaModuli weKhamera yeHyperspectral (Ephumile)
Noma zingavame kancane ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu, amakhamera e-hyperspectral abamba amabhendi amakhulu amancane e-spectral - ahlinzeka ngemininingwane ethile kakhulu mayelana ne-biochemistry yezitshalo (isb., okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll, amazinga kashukela, noma ukuvela kwezinto eziyingozi). Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni ezinomsebenzi ophakeme (isb., ama-grapes, i-cannabis) noma ezinhlelweni zocwaningo.
Ubukhona bokumangalisa balezizinda zezikhamuzi busezingeni lokuhlanganiswa kwazo nezinhlelo zokundiza ze-drone kanye nezinkundla zokuhlaziya ezokulima. Idatha yemifanekiso eluhlaza icubungulwa ibe yizinsiza ezisebenzisekayo—njengemamephu okusetshenziswa kwezinga elihlukile (VRA) kwezimuncu noma izindawo zokufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane—kukhishwa isidingo sokuthi abalimi bahlaziye idatha ye-spectral eyinkimbinkimbi bona.
Case Study 1: Umsebenzi Wokuhlola 1: Ifamu Yezinhlamvu Eziphakathi (Iowa, U.S.) – Ukukhulisa Ukukhiqizwa Kwekhora/Isobho Nge-Multispectral + RGB Cameras
Isizinda
Smith Family Farms iyindawo yokusebenza engama-500 acres e-Iowa maphakathi, ikhulisa u-culi (ama-300 acres) kanye ne-soybeans (ama-200 acres) ngokuhlanganyela. Kweminyaka eminingi, le ndawo yokulima yayithembele ekubhekeni ngezandla (abasebenzi abangu-2–3 bachitha amahora angaphezu kwama-10/iviki ngesikhathi esiphezulu) kanye nokufaka umanyolo ofanayo. Ngonyaka ka-2021, izinselelo zavele: ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zomanyolo we-nitrogen (up 60% ngonyaka), ukuhlinzekwa okungafani phakathi kwezinkambu (ngenxa yokungafani kokukhiqiza komhlabathi), kanye nobunzima bokuthola ingcindezi yamakhaza kusenesikhathi (isb., i-corn rootworm) ngaphambi kokuthi spread.
Inhloso
Nciphisa izindleko zokufaka (ukudla, ama-pesticides) ngama-10%+, wandise izivuno ngama-8%+, futhi unciphise isikhathi sokuhlola ngama-50%—konke lokhu kwenziwa kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni.
Ukukhetha Nokufaka Imodyuli yeKhamera
Ithafa lixhume nomhlinzeki wezolimo onembile ukuze lifake ama-drone e-DJI Agras T40 anemamojuli amabili wezithombe:
• DJI P1 RGB Camera Module: 45-megapikseli, isithupha somshini, amakhono e-HDR wokuhlela indawo ye-3D nokuhlaziywa kokubalwa kwezindawo.
• MicaSense Altum Multispectral Camera Module: 6 imijikelezo (RGB, NIR, umphetho obomvu, thermal), 12-megapixel resolution, kanye nokulungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe idatha efanayo phakathi kwezindiza.
Inqubo yokwenziwa yayilula:
1. Uhlelo Lokuhamba: Ama-drones ahlelwe ukuthi ahambe ama-400 feet phezulu komhlaba ngama-15 mph, ehlanganisa yonke ifamu emaphakathini ama-3 (≈2 amahora aphelele) njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2 phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula (Meyi–Agasti).
2. Ukucubungula Idatha: Izithombe zafakwa epulatifomu yokuhlaziya (AgriTech Insights) eyakha:
◦ NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) maps ukuze kutholakale umehluko wezempilo yezitshalo.
◦ Imibiko yokubala izinyathelo ukuze kuhlolwe impumelelo yokukhula.
◦ Imephu yokufaka i-nitrogen enezinga eliguquguqukayo (VRN) ehlelelwe uhlobo lomhlabathi nempilo yesivuno.
3. Isenzo: Umshini wokutshala/ukuhlinzeka ngofulawa we-John Deere wepulazi wawuhlanganiswe nezikhumbuzo ze-VRN, usebenzisa u-15–20% kancane i-nitrogen ezindaweni ezinezempilo ephansi (lapho izitshalo zingakwazi ukusebenzisa izithako ezengeziwe) kanye no-5–10% okwengeziwe ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuphumelela. Ukuhlola kwakugxile kuphela ezindaweni "ezixwayisayo" ezibhalwe ngemininingwane ye-multispectral, hhayi ezivivinyweni ezijwayelekile zezimboni.
Imiphumela (2022 vs. 2021)
• Ukukhula Kweziphumo: Izithelo ze-corn zakhuphuka zisuka ku-210 bushels/acre zaya ku-235 bushels/acre (+11.9%); izithelo ze-soybean zakhuphuka zisuka ku-65 bushels/acre zaya ku-72 bushels/acre (+10.8%).
• Ukonga Izindleko: Izindleko ze-nitrogen fertilizer zehla ngo-18% (≈$3,200 jikelele) ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuqondile. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-pesticide kwehla ngo-12% ngemuva kokutholwa kwangaphambili kwe-corn rootworm okuvumele ukushaywa kwezindawo esikhundleni sokwelashwa kwendawo yonke.
• Ukuthola Ukusebenza: Isikhathi sokuhlola sehle ngo-65% (sivela ezinsukwini eziyi-10+ ngeviki sibe ezinsukwini ezi-3–4 ngeviki), sikhulula abasebenzi ukuze benze eminye imisebenzi.
• Umthelela Wokuphila: Ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-nitrogen (okulinganiswa ngeziqu zembewu) ngama-22%, kuhambisana nezinhlelo zokuphila kwamanzi e-Iowa.
Ithuluzi Elibalulekile
Ngokwezimboni eziphakathi, ukuhlanganisa ama-module we-RGB kanye ne-multispectral camera kuhlinzeka ngembali ye-ROI ngokushesha ngokubhekana nezinkinga ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukuchitha kakhulu ezingeni lokufaka kanye nomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. AbakwaSmith baphawula ukuthi "ukwaziswa kwangaphambili" okuvela kudatha ye-multispectral kwashintsha umdlalo: "Sasivame ukuthola ukungabi khona kwezinto ezidingekayo lapho ikhukhula seyi-yellow—kuphuthuma kakhulu ukulungisa. Manje sibona izinkinga lapho zingabonakali khona emehlweni futhi silungisa umanyolo ngokushesha."
Isifundo Sokuhlola 2: Iphandleni Elikhulu Lezihlahla Zepalm (Mato Grosso, Brazil) – Amakhamera Ashisayo + Amakhamera Amaningi E-Spectral Ukuze Kwenziwe Ukunisela & Ukuphathwa Kwezifo
Isizinda
AgroBrasil Plantations iphethe amahektha angama-10,000 wepalm oil eMato Grosso eBrazil—enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni ipalm oil. Le plantation ibhekene nezinselelo ezimbili eziphuthumayo:
1. Ukwelashwa Kwezimvula: Ngokufinyelela okulinganiselwe emanzini ahlanzekile (okuncike emvula yesizini kanye nesikhungo esisodwa), ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwezimvula kwakuholela ekutheni u-25% wamanzi aphume emhlabeni ezindaweni eziphezulu, kanti u-15% wezolimo wathola ukucindezeleka ngenxa yokushoda kwamanzi.
2. Isifo se-Leaf Spot: Isifo sefungal (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) sasisakazeka ngokushesha emapulazini, sikhupha izihlahla futhi sikhubaza ukukhiqiza ngo-8–10% minyaka yonke. Ukuhlola ngesandla izinkulungwane eziyi-10,000 zemiklamo kwakuhamba kancane futhi kwakungaguquguquki, kuholela ekwelashweni okwephuzile.
Inhloso
Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngama-15%+, wehlise ukulahleka kokukhiqiza okubangelwa yisifo se-leaf spot ngama-50%+, futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle emsebenzini endaweni enkulu, ekude.
Ukukhetha Nokufaka Imodyuli yeKhamera
AgroBrasil ithumele ibhande lemidlaliso ye-8 WingtraOne Gen II drones ezinzile (efanelekile ukuze ibhange indawo enkulu) efakwe:
• I-FLIR Vue Pro R Thermal Camera Module: 640x512 isixazululo, -20°C kuya ku-150°C ububanzi bezinga lokushisa, kuthuthukiswe ukuze kutholwe ukwehluka kwezinga lokushisa kwe-canopy.
• I-Parrot Sequoia Multispectral Camera Module: ama-bhendi amane (okuhlaza, okubomvu, umphetho obomvu, NIR) anokulungiswa okwenziwe ngaphakathi, aklanyelwe ukuhamba phezulu (kuze kube ngamamitha angama-650) phezu kwezitshalo ezinzima.
Ukuphumeleliswa kuhlanganisa:
1. Ukuhlela Ukundiza Okuzenzakalelayo: Ama-drone ahamba nsuku zonke (ekuseni/nasebusuku ukuze avoiding ukukhanya kwelanga okukhulu) emigqeni ehleliwe, ehlanganisa amahektare angama-1,250 nge-drone ngosuku. Idatha ye-thermal iqoqwa masonto onke ukuze kubhekwane nezidingo zokunisela; idatha ye-multispectral iqoqwa kabili ngeviki ukuze kulandelwe ukuhamba kwesifo.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha: Izithombe z processing ku-AgriWebb’s plantation management platform, eyenza:
◦ Kwakhiwe amamephu okunisela okushisayo akhombisa izindawo ezithintekile ukushoda kokunisela (izigcawu ezishisayo) kanye nezindawo ezinokunisela okweqile (izigcawu ezibandayo).
◦ Dale izikhala zokuphila kwezifo ngokuhlaziya imiphetho ebomvu kanye nezibani ze-NIR (ukutheleleka kwefungi kwehlisa i-chlorophyll, kushintsha izimpawu ze-spectral).
◦ Thumele izaziso zangesikhathi sangempela kubaphathi bezinkambu nge-app yeselula, enezikhawu ze-GPS zokwenza izenzo ezithile.
3. Isenzo: Izinhlelo zokunisela zashintshwa ukuze zilethe amanzi kuphela ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu ukuntula (ngokusebenzisa ukunisela okuphuma emathubeni ahambisana nezithombe ze-thermal). Amafungicides asetshenziswe nge-drone ezindaweni ezinomkhuhlane (ezibhalwe ngedatha ye-multispectral) esikhundleni sokufafaza okuphelele kwepulazi.
Imiphumela (2023 vs. 2022)
• Ukonga Amanzi: Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kwehle ngo-20% (≈1.2 million cubic meters agcinwe), kwandisa amandla e-reservoir ngesikhathi sokoma futhi kwehlisa izindleko zokupompa ngo-17% (≈$45,000/ngonyaka).
• Ukulawulwa Kweziguli: Ukulahleka kokukhiqiza okuhlobene nesifo se-leaf spot kwehla kusuka ku-9% kuya ku-3% (-66.7%). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-fungicide kwehla ngo-28% (≈$68,000 okugcina ngonyaka) ngenxa yokwelashwa kweziphumo.
• Ukukhula Kwezimali: I-yield ye-palm oil yonke ikhule ukusuka ku-3.8 tons/acre iye ku-4.3 tons/acre (+13.2%), ikhiqiza imali eyengeziwe engu-$220,000.
• Ukukhuliswa: Iqembu lemidlalose le-drone lidlule emhlabeni ongu-10,000 acres ezinsukwini eziyi-8—kuqhathaniswa nezinsuku eziyi-30 ngeqembu lokuhlola elenziwa ngesandla.
Ithuluzi Elibalulekile
Ngokwezimboni ezinkulu, amamojula wekhamera ye-thermal kanye ne-multispectral axazulula izinselelo zokwandiswa nokuphathwa kwezinsiza. Umqondisi wezolimo e-AgroBrasil uqokomisa: "Izitshalo ze-palm oil zinkulu kakhulu ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuzibheka kahle. Amakhamera edroni asinika umbono ophakeme wezempilo yesihlahla ngasinye nezidingo zamanzi—asikasebenzisi ukuhlela; siphendula idatha."
Izici Eziyinhloko Zempumelelo: Yini Eyenza Imodyuli Zekhamera Zezindiza Zisebenze Kahle Emkhakheni Wezolimo
Zombili izifundo zecala zikhombisa izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile ezinqumayo impumelelo—izifundo ezisebenzayo kunoma iyiphi ifamu noma ipulazi elicabangela ubuchwepheshe bezithombe ze-drone:
1. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Namathuluzi Akhona
Amamojula wekhamera anikeza inani kuphela uma idatha yawo ihlanganiswa kahle nezinsiza zokulima (isb., abakhangisi, abashayi) kanye nesofthiwe yokuphatha. Ikhono labakwaSmiths lokuhlanganisa imephu ye-VRN nezinsiza zabo ze-John Deere kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-AgroBrasil nezinhlelo zokunisela eziphumayo kuqinisekisile ukuthi idatha iguqulwa ngqo ibe yisenzo.
2. Ukuhlola & Ukuhambisana
Idatha yezolimo ayinayo inhloso uma ingeyiqiniso. Zombili izinkampani zaphakamisa ukubaluleka kokulungiswa kwemakhamera (isb., ukusebenzisa amaphaneli wokulungisa weMicaSense kumakhamera amaningi) kanye nezimo zokundiza ezihambisanayo (ukuphakama, isikhathi sosuku) ukuze kuqinisekiswe idatha ethembekile, efanayo phakathi kwezindiza.
3. Ubuchwepheshe Bezolimo + Ubuchwepheshe
Amamojula wekhamera aqoqa idatha—kodwa abahlaziyi bezolimo bayihumusha. Bobabili lezi zisebenzi zisebenze nochwepheshe bezolimo abaqondile ukuhumusha amamephu e-NDVI, idatha ye-thermal, kanye nezexwayiso zezifo zibe izinqumo ezisebenzayo kwezolimo. Ubuchwepheshe kuphela abukwanele; kudingeka buhlanganyele nolwazi lwezolimo olusemhlabeni.
Izinselelo & Indlela Yokuwina Kuzo
Naphezu kokuthi imiphumela ibukeka kahle, ukufaka amamojula kamakhamera we-drone akukhululekile ngaphandle kwezithiyo. Nansi indlela izifundo ezimbili zaxazulula izinselelo ezivamile:
1. Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okokuqala
Izinkampani eziphakathi zingase zibe nokungabaza ngentengo yokuqala (idroni + amamojula wekhamera + isoftware = 15,000–30,000). AbakwaSmith baxazulule lokhu ngokukhokhela lezi zinsiza (≈$500/ngenyanga) ngesiqinisekiso sokusebenza, beqinisekisa i-ROI ngaphambi kokuzibophezela ekuthengeni.
2. Ukulayisha Kwedatha
Izinkampani ezinkulu zikhathazeka ngokudlula kwe-terabytes yedatha yezithombe. I-AgroBrasil isebenzise ukuhlaziywa okusekelwe ku-AI ukuze ihlukanise idatha ibe "izexwayiso ezisebenzisekayo" (isb. "Ukucindezeleka kokushoda kwemvula eSigabeni 7B") esikhundleni sezithombe ezingashintshiwe, kunciphisa ukukhathala kokwenza izinqumo.
3. Ukuhambisana Nezomthetho
Izindiza ze-drone ziqondiswa ezweni eliningi (isb., i-FAA e-U.S., i-ANAC eBrazil). Kokubili ukusebenza kwasebenza nabaphathi be-drone abaqinisekisiwe futhi bathole imvume edingekayo, begwema izijeziso futhi beqinisekisa izindiza eziphephile phezu kwezolimo nezindawo ezizungezile.
Izitayela Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuthuthuka Okulandelayo Kwezinhlelo Zokuthwebula Izithombe Zezindiza Zokulima
Izifundo zecala zimele isimo samanje sobuchwepheshe—kodwa amamojula amakhamera ezomhlaba ezizayo azoba namandla kakhulu, ngokuphuma kwemikhuba emithathu ebalulekile:
1. AI-On-Board Processing
Izinhlelo zamanje zisebenza ngedatha efwini, okungase kubambezela ukuqonda ngezinsuku. Amamojula amakhamera ezizukulwane ezizayo azoba ne-AI efakwe, avumele ama-drone ukuthi ahlaziye idatha phakathi kokundiza futhi athumele izaziso zesikhathi sangempela (isb. "Ukuthola isikhala seleaf eZoneni 5—phonsa ngokushesha").
2. Ukunciphisa Usayizi & UkuSebenza Kakhulu
Amamojula ekhamera azoba mancane, alula, futhi ahluke-hluke—ehlanganisa amandla e-multispectral, thermal, kanye ne-hyperspectral kudivayisi eyodwa. Lokhu kuzokwehlisa izindleko futhi kwenze ukuthi ukuthwebula izithombe okuhle kube khona kubalimi abancane.
3. Ukuhlanganiswa ne-IoT & Idatha yeSatellite
Idatha yekhamera ye-drone izohlanganiswa nezinsiza ze-IoT (ukwaziswa komswakama, izinga lokushisa) kanye nemifanekiso ye-satellite ukuze kudalwe "umbono we-360-degree" wezempilo yezolimo. Isibonelo, idatha ye-multispectral ye-drone ingaqinisekisa ukucindezeleka kokushoda kwamanzi okutholwe ngezinsiza zomhlaba, kuvumela ukulungiswa okunembile kokunisela.
Isiphetho: Amamojula Ekhompyutha – Iqhawe Elingadumile Lezokulima Ngokunembile
Izifundo zeSmith Family Farms kanye neAgroBrasil zikhombisa ukuthi amamojula we-drone camera wezolimo awawona nje "amakhamera anobuciko"—ngokuyiqiniso, amathuluzi akhiqiza imali, agcina izinsiza, ahlangabezana nezinselelo ezinkulu zemboni. Ngokuguqula izimpawu zempilo yezitshalo ezingabonakali zibe ngokuqonda okusebenzisekayo, lawa mamojula avumela abalimi ukuthi bakhiqize okuningi ngencane: amanzi amancane, umanyolo omncane, umsebenzi omncane, kanye nomthelela omncane emvelweni.
Ngokwezimboni zanoma yiluphi usayizi, ukhiye wokuphumelela ukukhetha imodyuli yekhamera efanele (i-RGB yokumaka, i-multispectral yokuphila, i-thermal yokunisela) nokuhlanganisa nayo ubuchwepheshe bezolimo nezinsiza ezikhona. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka phambili, imodyuli zekhamera zizoba lula ukufinyelela futhi zibe namandla—zikhulisa indima yazo njengesisekelo sokulima okukhululekile, okukhanga inzuzo ngekhulu le-21.
Uma usukulungele ukuguqula ifamu yakho ngezimoduli zamakhamera e-drone ezolimo ezinemininingwane, qala kancane: hlola ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhamera e-RGB kanye ne-multispectral endaweni eyodwa, measure umthelela ekukhiqizeni nasezindlekweni, bese ukhuphula kusukela lapho. Idatha ayikhulumi amanga—futhi nemiphumela ayikhulumi amanga.
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