isiZulu
Idizayini Yenzwa Ye-Global Shutter: Lapho Ukunemba Kokunyakaza Kubaluleke Kakhulu
Kwadalwa ngo 09.23
Uma uke wazama ukuthwebula isithombe sento ehamba ngokushesha futhi wagcina ngomfanekiso ogobile, otshekile—noma wazama ukukhipha izilinganiso eziqondile kuvidiyo wathola amaphutha ejiyometri—usuke wahlangabezana nenye yemikhawulo eyisisekelo kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula izithombe: umphumela we-rolling shutter. Ekuthwebuleni izithombe kwansuku zonke nge-smartphone kanye nevidiyo nje, lokhu kungapheleli ngokuvamile akubonakali. Kodwa ezinhlelweni lapho ukunemba kokunyakaza kungaxoxiswani khona—izinhlelo zokuhlola ezimbonini, izimoto ezizihambelayo, izitudiyo zokuthwebula ukunyakaza, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi olunesivinini esiphezulu—akuyona nje inkinga yekhwalithi. Kuwukwehluleka kokusebenza.
Yilapho ukwakhiwa kwezinzwa ze-global shutter kungena khona. Ngokungafani nozakwabo be-rolling shutter abathwebula isithombe umugqa ngomugqa, izinzwa ze-global shutter ziveza wonke amaphikseli ngesikhathi esisodwa, zibambe ukunyakaza ngaphandle kokuchezuka futhi zigcine ukunemba kwejiyometri kwangempela. Nokho ukwakha inzwa ye-global shutter esebenza kahle kakhulu akusiyo into elula. Kudinga ukulinganisa ngokucophelela phakathi kokuzwela, umsindo, ububanzi obuguquguqukayo, usayizi wephikseli, kanye nezindleko—ukulinganisa okuye kwaphoqa onjiniyela be-semiconductor ukuthi bacabange kabusha ukwakheka kwephikseli amashumi eminyaka.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlaziya ukuthi izinzwa ze-global shutter zisebenza kanjani ezingeni lokuklama, kungani zidlula ama-rolling shutter ezimweni zokunyakaza okuphezulu, izinselelo eziyinhloko zobunjiniyela abakhiqizi ababhekana nazo, nokuthi lobu buchwepheshe buqonde kuphi ngokulandelayo. Noma ngabe ukhetha ikhamera yohlelo lokubona kwezimboni, uklama umkhiqizo wezithombe, noma umane unelukuluku lokwazi okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwenzwa engamisa inhlamvu ngesikhathi isendizeni, lo mhlahlandlela uzokuhamba ngobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwenkulumo yokumaketha.
Umsuka Wenkinga: I-Rolling Shutter Nokuhlanekezela Kokunyakaza
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ukwakheka kwe-global shutter kubalulekile, kufanele uqale uqonde ukuthi kungani ama-rolling shutter akhiqiza ukuhlanekezela. Cishe wonke ama-smartphone asetshenziswayo, ama-webcam, namakhamera ajwayelekile emakethe namuhla asebenzisa i-rolling shutter. Kuyindlela ejwayelekile yezinzwa ze-CMOS ngoba ilula ukuyisebenzisa, inikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ekukhanyeni okuphansi, futhi igcina izindleko ziphansi.
Nakhu ukuthi isebenza kanjani: lapho ukuchayeka kuqala, inzwa ayivuli wonke amaphikseli ngesikhathi esisodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, ihlehlisa futhi ifunde imigqa yamaphikseli ngokulandelana, umugqa ngemuva komunye, isuka phezulu iye phansi (noma ngezinye izikhathi isuka phansi iye phezulu). Yonke inqubo yokuchayeka yenzeka ngokushesha—ngokuvamile ngamamilisekhondi—kodwa ayenzeki ngokushesha okuphelele. Ezigcawini ezinganyakazi, lokhu kufundwa ngokulandelana akubonakali. Isithombe sibonakala sijwayelekile ngoba akukho lutho olunyakazayo phakathi komugqa wokuqala nowokugcina obanjwayo.
Izinkinga zivela lapho kunokunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwenzwa nendawo. Uma usheshisa ikhamera, noma uma into ihamba ngokushesha esikhaleni, izingxenye ezahlukene zento zithathwa ngezikhathi ezihluke kancane. Umphumela yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "jello effect": izinto eziqondile zibonakala zitshekile, imigqa eqondile iyagoba, futhi ophephela abajikelezayo ngokushesha babonakala begoqekile ngendlela exakile.
Ekushumisekelweni okujwayelekile, lokhu kuyinkinga encane. Ezinhlelweni zokubona ngomshini kanye nokulinganisa, kuyisithiyo esikhulu. Cabanga ngesistimu yokubona ehlola izingxenye ezisendleleni yokuhambisa ehamba ngamamitha amathathu ngomzuzwana. Nge-rolling shutter, igiya eliyindilinga ngokuphelele lingabonakala liyi-oval. Umkhawulo oqondile ungabonakala utshekile. Noma yisiphi isilinganiso sobukhulu esithathwe esithombeni sizobe silungile ngokwemvelo—futhi uma ukunyakaza kushesha kakhulu, iphutha likhulu kakhulu.
Lena ayiyona inkinga encane yokulungisa ongayilungisa kusofthiwe. Nakuba ama-algorithms okulungisa ekhompyutha enganciphisa izinto ezilimazayo ze-rolling shutter kwezinye izimo, asebenza kahle kakhulu ekunyakazeni okulindelekile futhi awakwazi ukubuyisela ngokuphelele ukunemba kwendawo okulahlekile. Ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukunemba kwangempela kwendawo, isisombululo esithembekile kuphela ukuthwebula indawo yonke ngesikhathi esisodwa ncamashi. Lokho kuyisisekelo sonke se-global shutter.
Indlela Ama-Global Shutter Sensors Asebenza Ngayo: Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuklama
Ngendlela elula, inzwa ye-global shutter iveza wonke amaphikseli kuwo wonke uhlu ngesikhathi esisodwa ncamashi, bese iwafunda ngemva kokuba ukuvezwa sekuqediwe. Ngokomqondo, lokhu kuyinto efana nedijithali yokuvulwa nokuvalwa kwe-shutter yefocal-plane yomshini kukhamera yefilimu—ngaphandle kokuthi konke ukwenzeka kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwephikseli ngayinye.
Inselele ukuthi izinzwa ze-CMOS ziyimishini elandelanayo ngokwemvelo. Imishini yazo yokufunda yakhelwe ukucubungula imigqa ngayinye ngesikhathi. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvezwa kwe-global, abaklami bezinzwa kwadingeka bangeze into engenawo amaphikseli e-rolling shutter: indawo yokugcina engaphakathi kwephikseli.
I-Classic Global Shutter Pixel Architecture
Ku-4T (four-transistor) rolling shutter pixel yendabuko, une-photodiode, i-transfer gate, i-reset transistor, i-source follower, kanye ne-row select transistor. Ukukhanya kushaya i-photodiode, eqongelela amandla alingana nokuqina kokukhanya. Ngesikhathi sokufunda, amandla adluliselwa ku-sense node, akhuliswe, futhi afundwe esiqeshini umugqa ngomugqa.
Iphikseli ye-shutter yomhlaba wonke yengeza okungenani i-transistor eyodwa eyengeziwe kanye nendawo yokugcina ukushaja eyingqayizivele ngaphakathi kwephikseli ngayinye. Nakhu ukulandelana:
1. Ukusetha kabusha komhlaba wonke: Wonke amaphikseli kuyo yonke inzwa asethwa kabusha ngasikhathi sinye, kususwe noma yikuphi ukushaja okusele kuma-photodiode.
2. Ukuchayeka komhlaba wonke: Wonke ama-photodiode ahlanganisa ukukhanya ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi esilinganayo. Yonke iphikseli iqoqa ama-photon esikhathini esifanayo ncamashi.
3. Ukudluliswa komhlaba wonke: Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuchayeka, wonke amaphikseli adlulisa ngasikhathi sinye umthwalo wawo onqwabelene usuka ku-photodiode uya endaweni yokugcina engaphakathi kwephikseli. Umthwalo manje usugcinwe ngokuphephile, uvikelwe ekuchayekeni okwengeziwe kokukhanya.
4. Ukufundwa okugingqikayo: Ngemuva kokudluliswa komhlaba wonke, inzwa ifunda amandla agciniwe umugqa ngomugqa, njengoba kwenziwa i-rolling shutter. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla asevele athwetshuliwe futhi afakwe ezingqondweni zokugcina, ukufundwa okulandelanayo akusabangeli ukuhlanekezela kokunyakaza.
Lona umklamo uyinhle, kodwa unenani elibizayo. Ukwengeza indawo yokugcina kanye nama-transistor engeziwe ngaphakathi kwe-pixel ngayinye kuthatha indawo ebalulekile ye-silicon. Kuma-sensor okuqala e-global shutter, indawo yokugcina kanye nezakhiwo ezihambisana nayo zazithatha ingxenye enkulu yendawo ye-pixel, zishiya indawo encane ye-photodiode ebamba ukukhanya. Umphumela waba yifill factor ephansi—okusho ukuthi ingxenye encane yendawo ye-pixel eqoqa ukukhanya—okuholela ekuzweleni okubi ekukhanyeni okuphansi kanye nomsindo ophezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-sensor e-rolling shutter afanayo.
Iminyaka eminingi, lokhu kwakuwukuhwebelana okuyisisekelo: wawuthenga ukunemba kwejometri ngezindleko zokuzwela kokukhanya. Futhi ezinhlelweni zezimboni ezingangeza ukukhanya okukhanyayo ukuze kunxeshezelwe, lokho kwakuyisivumelwano esamukelekayo. Kodwa njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-global shutter banda bangena emikhakheni emisha efana nokuhamba okuzenzakalelayo nokuqapha kwangaphandle, isidingo sokusebenza okungcono ekukhanyeni okuphansi saphusha abaklami ukuthi bacabange kabusha iphikseli.
Izinselele Eziyinhloko Zokuklama Kumasensa E-Global Shutter Esimanje
Ukwakha inzwa ye-global shutter enhle akukhona nje ukufaka i-capacitor yokugcina. Onjiniyela kufanele balinganise izimo eziningi eziphikisanayo, ngayinye yazo ethinta ngqo ukusebenza kwangempela. Ake sibheke ezibaluleke kakhulu.
I-Fill Factor Nokuzwela Kokukhanya
Isici sokugcwalisa—iphesenti lendawo yephikseli enikezelwe kwi-photodiode—ngokomlando bekulokhu kuyibuthakathaka obukhulu bephikseli ye-global shutter. Kuphikseli ye-rolling shutter, cishe yonke iphikseli inganikezelwa ekuqoqeni ukukhanya. Kuphikseli ye-global shutter, indawo yokugcina, ama-transfer gate, kanye namanye ama-transistor kudla leyo ndawo.
Izinzwa zakuqala ze-global shutter ezikhanyiswe ngaphambili (FSI) zazivame ukuba nezinga lokugcwalisa elingaphansi kuka-50%. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi cishe uhhafu wokukhanya okungena emuva kwakumoshwa, kushayisana nezintambo zensimbi kanye nesekethe esikhundleni se-photodiode. Umphumela kwakuyizithombe ezazibonakala zinemigqa eminingi ekukhanyeni okuphansi futhi zazidinga ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukuze kuzuzwe isilinganiso esifanayo sesignali-kuya-msindo (SNR) njengakwiphikseli ye-rolling shutter.
Impendulo yemboni kwakuyi-back-side illumination (BSI). Ngokuphendula i-silicon wafer nokuyinciphisa, abakhiqizi bahambisa yonke izintambo zensimbi nama-transistor ngemuva kwe-pixel, bashiya yonke indawo yangaphambili ivulekile ekukhanyeni. I-BSI ithuthukisa kakhulu i-fill factor—ngisho nasezakhiweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-global shutter pixel. Izinzwa ze-BSI global shutter zanamuhla eziphezulu zifinyelela amazinga e-fill factor afana nemiklamo ye-rolling shutter, zivala igebe elikhulu lokuzwela.
Ukugcinwa Kwe-Charge kanye Nokuzwela Kokukhanya Okuyingozi
I-node yesitoreji engaphakathi kwe-pixel iyinhliziyo ye-global shutter, kodwa yethula inkinga: ukuzwela kokukhanya okungafuneki (parasitic light sensitivity, PLS). Ngokufanele, uma i-charge isidluliselwe ku-storage node, kufanele ihlale ingathinteki nhlobo yinoma yikuphi ukukhanya okwengeziwe okushaya i-pixel ngesikhathi sokufundwa. Eqinisweni, i-storage node ngokwayo izwela kancane ekukhanyeni. Uma ukukhanya okukhanyayo kushaya i-pixel ngesikhathi sesigaba sokufundwa, ama-photon alahlekile angakhiqiza i-charge eyengeziwe ku-storage node, konakalise isignali ethwetshiwe futhi kubangele izinto ezingafuneki zesithombe njenge-ghosting noma i-smearing.
Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ezigcawini ezinobubanzi obukhulu obuguquguqukayo noma okugqamile okukhanyayo—cabanga ngokukhanya kwelanga okucwebezela ezingxenyeni zensimbi emugqeni wefekthri. Abaklami banciphisa i-PLS ngezindlela ezimbalwa. Ezinye izinqubo zisebenzisa izingqimba zensimbi ezivikela ukukhanya ezibekwe ngqo phezu kwendawo yokugcina ukuze zivimbe ama-photon angenayo. Ezinye zilungisa ukwakheka kwe-doping ye-silicon ukuze zihlukanise indawo yokugcina ngempumelelo eyengeziwe. Izinqubo ze-BSI ezithuthukile nazo ziye zasiza, njengoba izakhiwo zokugcina zihlala ohlangothini lwangemuva lwe-die, kude nendlela yokukhanya engenayo.
Ukunciphisa i-PLS kungenye yezindawo ezisebenza kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezinzwana ze-global shutter, ngoba kukhawulela ngqo ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe ezindaweni zangaphandle ezinokukhanya okuphezulu.
Umsindo Wokufunda kanye Nebanga Eliguquguqukayo
Amaphikseli e-global shutter ngokomlando abonise umsindo wokufunda ophezulu kunezinhlelo ze-rolling shutter. Isinyathelo sokudlulisa esengeziwe—ukuhambisa ishaji isuka ku-photodiode iye ku-storage node, bese isuka ku-storage node iye ku-sense node—yengeza umsindo endaweni ngayinye yokuxhumana. Ama-transistor engeziwe endleleni yesignali nawo anomthelela ezingeni eliphansi lomsindo.
Ezinhlelweni zesivinini esiphezulu lapho izikhathi zokuchayeka zizimfushane kakhulu, umsindo wokufunda uba yinto ehamba phambili. Uma uthwebula ukuchayeka kwesikali se-microsecond kwemishini ehamba ngokushesha, wonke ama-electron omsindo wokufunda abalulekile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo yesimanje kuye kwehlisa leli gebe kakhulu. Amanodi amancane ezinqubo (65nm, 45nm, nangaphansi) avumela imiklamo ye-transistor ehlanzekile kanye nesekethe yomsindo ephansi. Amasu e-correlated double sampling (CDS), asetshenziswa kokubili ezingeni le-pixel naku-analog front end, asusa umsindo wokusetha kabusha kanye nomsindo wephethini engaguquki. Ezinye izakhiwo zezinzwa ezintsha zisebenzisa ama-pixel ane-dual-gain noma ama-multiple-conversion-gain, anikeza umsindo ophansi emazingeni okukhanya aphansi kanye nomthamo ophelele womthombo ophezulu emazingeni akhanyayo, okwandisa ububanzi obuguquguqukayo.
Izinga Lamafreyimu kanye Nokugeleza Kwemininingwane
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zezinzwa ze-global shutter yikhono lazo lokusebenza ngamazinga amafreyimu aphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuchayeka nokufundwa kungenziwa nge-pipeline—ngenkathi ifreyimu eyodwa ifundwa esitolo, ifreyimu elandelayo isivele ingahlanganiswa kuma-photodiode—izinzwa ze-global shutter zingafinyelela izinkulungwane zamafreyimu ngomzuzwana kwezinye izilungiselelo.
Kodwa amazinga amafreyimu aphezulu adala izinselele ezinkulu zokudluliswa kwedatha. Inzwa engama-megapixel angu-5 esebenza ngamafreyimu angu-240 ngomzuzwana ikhipha idatha engaphezu kwe-gigapixel ngomzuzwana ngamunye. Ukukhipha leyo datha enzweni, ukuyidlulisa nge-Image Signal Processor (ISP), nokuyifaka ememori kudinga ukwakhiwa kwezixhumi zesivinini esiphezulu—i-LVDS, i-MIPI CSI-2 enamathrekhi amaningi, noma izixhumi eziyimfihlo ezifanayo zesivinini esiphezulu.
Abaklami bezinzwa kufanele bahlele ngokucophelela i-architecture ye-I/O, ukubekwa kwe-ADC esebenzayo ku-chip, nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla ukuze basekele lezi zivinini ngaphandle kokwethula umsindo noma izinkinga zokushisa. Ukushisa kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu: ukusebenzisa inzwa ngesivinini esigcwele isikhathi eside kukhuphula izinga lokushisa le-die, okubuye kwandise i-dark current nomsindo.
Ukufana nokulinganisa
Njengoba kunezingxenye eziningi ngaphakathi kwe-pixel ngayinye, izinzwa ze-global shutter zisengozini enkulu yokungafani phakathi kwama-pixel. Ukwehluka komthamo wendawo yokugcina, ukusebenza kahle kwesango lokudlulisa, kanye nezici ze-transistor kungadala umsindo wephethini engaguquki okunzima ukuwulungisa kunasezakhiweni ze-rolling shutter.
Izinzwa ze-global shutter zemboni ezisezingeni eliphezulu zidlula ekulinganisweni okukhulu kwefektri, kanti ama-coefficients okulungisa i-pixel ngayinye agcinwa ku-chip. Kodwa ukuklama okuhle kuqala ngokulawula inqubo—ukunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kulo lonke i-wafer ukuze ukulinganisa kube nomsebenzi omncane wokwenza. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza izinzwa ze-global shutter ezisezingeni eliphezulu zibize inani eliphezulu kakhulu kunezingxenye ze-rolling shutter ezisezingeni labathengi.
Lapho Ukunemba Kokunyakaza Kungenakuxoxwa Ngalo: Izicelo Eziyinhloko
Ubuchwepheshe be-global shutter abukho kuzo zonke izimo zokusetshenziswa. Ezithombeni ezinganyakazi, ividiyo yokusakaza, nezinhlelo eziningi zabathengi, izinzwa ze-rolling shutter zinikeza ikhwalithi yesithombe engcono ngedola ngalinye. Kodwa kunezinkambu ezimbalwa lapho i-global shutter ingcono nje kuphela—kuphela iyisidingo esiqinile.
Ukuhlolwa Kwezimboni Okusheshayo Ne-Metrology
Lena yimakethe yokuqala futhi eseyinkulu kunazo zonke yezinzwa ze-global shutter. Amasistimu okubona okusebenza kwefektri ahlola izingxenye njengoba zidlula ngokushesha kumabhande okuhambisa, ngokuvamile ngamamitha ambalwa ngomzuzwana. I-rolling shutter ingahlanekezela zonke izilinganiso, okwenza ukukala kobukhulu, ukuhlola ukuqondanisa, nokutholwa kwezinkinga kungathembeki.
Izinzwa ze-global shutter, ngokuphambene, zithwebula isithombe esingenasihlanu sengxenye ngesikhathi esiqondile. Uma kuhlangene nokukhanya kwe-LED okushaywayo noma i-laser strobe okuhambisana nokuchayeka, zingamisa ukunyakaza ngokuphelele ngisho nangesivinini somugqa wokukhiqiza. Lokhu kubalulekile ezimbonini ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zezimoto, ukuhlanganisa i-electronics (ukuqinisekiswa kokubekwa kwe-SMT), nokuhlolwa kokupakisha, lapho kulindeleke ukunemba kwe-micrometer.
Ukuthwebula Ukunyakaza kanye Ne-Biomechanics
Ekukhiqizweni kwefilimu nemidlalo, amasistimu okuthwebula ukunyakaza ngokubona alandelela izimpawu ezikhanyayo ezibekwe kubalingisi ukuze ziqoshwe ukunyakaza. Lezi zimpawu zihamba ngokushesha esikhaleni se-3D, futhi isistimu ibala indawo yazo ngokuxhumanisa kusuka kumakhamera amaningi. Uma ikhamera ngayinye ibona inguqulo ecishe igobile yophawu ngenxa yesithwebuli esigudlukayo, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-3D kuzoba namaphutha.
Izitudiyo zokuthwebula ukunyakaza ezisezingeni eliphezulu zisebenzisa amakhamera anesithwebuli esigxilile amashumi eminyaka. Umgomo ofanayo uyasebenza ocwaningweni lwe-biomechanics, isayensi yezemidlalo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuhamba, lapho abacwaningi badinga izilinganiso ezinembile zama-engeli wamalunga, isivinini sezitho, namandla okushaya. Ngisho nokuhlanekezela okuncane kwejiyometri kungaphazamisa izibalo zamandla futhi kwenza idatha yocwaningo ingasebenzi.
Izimoto Ezizimele kanye Namarobhothi Esetshenziswayo
Izimoto ezizishayelayo, amarobhothi okuletha, kanye nama-AGV (izimoto eziqondiswayo ezizenzakalelayo) zincike kumakhamera ukuze zibone umhlaba ozizungezile. Kokubili imoto nezinye izinto ezisemgwaqweni zihlala zinyakaza. I-rolling shutter ingahlanekezela indawo ebonwayo yabahamba ngezinyawo, ezinye izimoto, kanye nemigqa yomgwaqo—ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushesha, ukubhuleka, noma ukushayela.
Nakuba amakhamera e-rolling shutter esajwayelekile ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-ADAS namuhla, ukushintshela emazingeni aphezulu okuzimela kuholela ekwamukelweni okukhulu kwezinzwa ze-global shutter, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezifana nokuhlonza izimpawu zomgwaqo, ukulinganisa ukujula, nokuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa ne-LiDAR. Lapho imoto ihamba ngesivinini somgwaqo ongutsheni, umehluko phakathi kwendawo yangempela yephikseli nendawo yayo echezukile ungahumusha ube amasentimitha ambalwa ephutha emhlabeni wangempela—okwanele ukuthi kubaluleke ezinhlelweni ezibucayi kwezokuphepha.
Ukuthwebula Kwezithombe Kwezesayensi Nokuvikela Okusheshayo
Abacwaningi abafunda ngemiphumela ye-ballistic, i-fluid dynamics, ukushiswa, nokwehluleka kwezinto badinga ukuthwebula izehlakalo ezenzeka ngama-microseconds. Izinzwa ze-global shutter ezihambisana nokukhanyisa okushaywayo zingamisa lezi zehlakalo ezishesha kakhulu ngokucaca okuphelele kwejiyometri.
Kwezokuvikela kanye nezasemkhathini, izinzwa ze-global shutter zisetshenziswa ekuhambeni kwama-drone, emakhanda okufuna ama-missile, kanye nezinhlelo zokulandelela okuhlosiwe lapho ukunyakaza kukhulu khona nokunemba kubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini.
I-Augmented ne-Virtual Reality (AR/VR)
Amakhowe e-AR ne-VR asebenzisa amakhamera ukulandelela kwangaphakathi-phandle, ukulandelela izandla, kanye nevidiyo yokudlula. Ikhanda lomsebenzisi lihlala linyakaza, ngokuvamile ngokushesha. I-shutter egudlukayo ingabangela ukugxuma nokukhukhuleka esixazululweni sokulandelela, okuholela ekuguleni kokunyakaza kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubi komsebenzisi. Izinzwa ze-shutter yomhlaba wonke zinikeza amafreyimu azinzile, ahambisana ngokwejiyometri avumela ama-algorithms okulandelela ukubala indawo nokuma ngokunemba okukhulu kakhulu.
Lesi ngesinye sezigaba ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu kubuchwepheshe be-global shutter, esiqhutshwa imakethe ye-VR/AR yabathengi efuna ama-headset alula, asebenzisa amandla aphansi, futhi anokusebenza okuphezulu.
Izinto Ezintsha Zakamuva Ezithuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwe-Global Shutter
Indawo yezinzwa ze-global shutter ishintshile ngokushesha eminyakeni emihlanu edlule kunasemashumini amabili eminyaka adlule. Izinto ezintsha ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zikhuphula ukusebenza kumazinga amasha kuyilapho zehlisa izindleko.
I-Back-Side Illuminated Global Shutter (BSI GS)
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-BSI ibe noshintsho olukhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-global shutter. Ngokuhambisa yonke imijikelezo ngemuva kwe-pixel, i-BSI icishe iqede inhlawulo yesikhala sokugcwalisa. Ama-photon ashaya i-silicon ngqo, ngaphandle kocingo lwensimbi oluvimba indlela yawo. Umphumela uwukuthi izinzwa ze-global shutter zinezinombolo ze-quantum efficiency ezilingana nezingxenye ze-rolling shutter—ngokuvamile ezingama-70% noma ngaphezulu ku-spectrum ebonakalayo.
I-BSI futhi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi kube nama-pixel pitches amancane kuyilapho kugcinwa ukusebenza okuhle. Lapho ama-pixel angu-5.86µm no-6µm ayeyindinganiso yezinzwa ze-industrial global shutter, manje sesibona ama-3.45µm, 2.8µm, kanye nama-pitches amancane nakakhulu ehlinzeka ngokusebenza okusebenzisekayo. Ama-pixel amancane asho ukulungiswa okuphezulu ngefomethi yokubona efanayo, noma ukulungiswa okufanayo kupakethe elincane, elishibhile.
I-Stacked Sensor Architecture
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Stacked CMOS kuthatha i-BSI kuyise phambili. Kusensa enqwabelene, uhlu lwamaphikseli lwakhiwe ku-die eyodwa, kanti isekethe yokufunda, ama-ADC, kanye ne-logic kwakhiwe ku-die ehlukile ngaphansi. Lawa ma-die amabili ahlanganiswa ndawonye ngezinkulungwane zama-through-silicon vias (TSVs) amancane.
Kuma-global shutter sensors, ukustakha kunikeza izinzuzo ezimbili ezinkulu. Okokuqala, yonke imishini yokufunda isuka endaweni ye-pixel, ikhulule indawo eningi yokuqoqa ukukhanya nokugcina. Okwesibili, ukuba nemishini yesivinini esiphezulu ekhethekile ku-logic die kwenza ukufunda kusheshe kakhulu, amazinga ama-frame aphezulu, nokucubungula okuningi ku-sensor.
Ama-stacked global shutter sensors asevele evela kumakhamera e-industrial aphezulu kanye namadivayisi e-AR/VR, futhi kungenzeka abe yizinga elijwayelekile lokusebenza okuphezulu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
I-Global Shutter ene-HDR kanye Nokuchayeka Okuningi
Okunye ukugxeka okuvamile kwezinzwa ze-global shutter ukwehla kwebanga eliguqukayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ze-rolling shutter. Abaklami babhekana nalokhu ngamasu e-HDR okuchayeka okuningi asetshenziswa ezingeni le-pixel.
Amanye amasensa amasha e-global shutter asekela ukusebenza kwe-dual-exposure noma i-triple-exposure ngaphakathi kwesikhathi sekhadi elilodwa. Isensa sithwebula i-exposure ende eyodwa ukuze kutholakale imininingwane yezithunzi kanye ne-exposure emfushane eyodwa ukuze kugqame okukhanyayo, bese kuzihlanganisa kusetshenziswa i-on-chip noma i-ISP ukuze kukhiqizwe umphumela we-high-dynamic-range. Ngenxa yokuthi zombili lezi zinto zisebenzisa i-global shutter, akukho motion ghosting phakathi kwamafreyimu amade namafushane—inkinga ehlupha ukusetshenziswa kwe-rolling shutter HDR ezimeni zokunyakaza okukhulu.
Amadizayini Alungiselelwe i-Near-Infrared (NIR)
Amasistimu amaningi e-machine vision asebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-near-infrared (850nm noma 940nm) ngoba akubonwa ngabantu, akudali ukukhanya okukhanyayo ezindaweni ezicwebezelayo, futhi kusebenza kahle ekutholeni ukuba khona nasekuzwa kwe-3D. Amasensa e-silicon ajwayelekile awazweli kahle kulawo magagasi, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwe-fill factor kwama-global shutter endabuko kwakwenza kube kubi nakakhulu.
Amaphikseli amasha e-global shutter enzelwe i-NIR asebenzisa izendlalelo ze-epitaxial ezijiyile kanye namaphrofayili e-doping akhethekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum ebangeni lika-800–1000nm. Uma ehlanganiswa ne-BSI, lezi zinzwana ziletha ukuzwela okuhle kakhulu kwe-NIR, okuzenza zilungele izinhlelo zokukhanya ezakhiwe nge-3D, amamojula okubona ubuso, namakhamera okubona ebusuku.
Ukukhetha Inzwa ye-Global Shutter: Okubalulekile Ngempela
Uma uhlola izinzwa ze-global shutter zomkhiqizo noma uhlelo, iphepha lezincazelo lingase libe nzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-resolution nezinga lamafreyimu, kukhona amapharamitha ambalwa azonquma ukuthi uhlelo lwakho luzosebenza noma cha.
Okokuqala, bheka amajika e-quantum efficiency (QE), hhayi nje inombolo eyodwa yokuzwela. I-QE ikutshela ukuthi yiphi iphesenti lama-photon angenayo aguqulwa abe ama-electron, futhi iyahluka nge-wavelength. Uma usebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-IR okungu-850nm, isenzwa esine-QE ephezulu ku-850nm sizodlula kakhulu kunesine-QE ephezulu yokukhanya okubonakalayo kodwa esabela kabi ku-NIR.
Okwesibili, qaphela izicaciso zokuzwela kokukhanya okugqilazayo. Abakhiqizi bavame ukukuveza lokhu njengephesenti noma ngamadesibeli. Okuphansi kungcono. Uma isigcawu sakho siqukethe ukukhanya okugqamile noma ukukhanya okungemuva okunamandla, i-PLS ephezulu izodala ukushelela okuqondile kanye nama-ghost artifacts okungekho ukucubungula kwangemuva okungakulungisa ngokuphelele.
Okwesithathu, hlola umsindo wokufunda kanye namandla okugcwalisa umthombo ngokuhlanganyela. Isilinganiso samandla okugcwalisa umthombo kumsindo wokufunda sinikeza ububanzi obuguquguqukayo bemvelo benzwa. Inzwa enamandla amakhulu okugcwalisa umthombo kodwa umsindo ophezulu wokufunda ingase inganikezi ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obungcono kunokwakhiwa okulinganiswe kahle. Emsebenzini wesikhathi sokuchayeka esifushane, amazinga aphezulu amafreyimu, umsindo wokufunda ngokuvamile uyisici esikhawulelayo.
Okwesine, cabanga ngezinketho zesixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Inzwa eletha ukusebenza okumangalisayo kodwa edinga imizila ye-LVDS esheshayo eyishumi nambili namawathi ayishumi wamandla kungenzeka ingabi isebenziseka ohlelweni lwakho. Ezinhlelweni ezishumekile kanye nezisebenza ngebhethri, bheka izixhumi ze-MIPI CSI-2 kanye nezindlela zokuphatha amandla ezinamandla.
Ekugcineni, khumbula ukuthi inzwa iyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yesistimu. Ikhwalithi yelensi, ukuklanywa kokukhanyisa, ukunemba kokuvumelanisa, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-ISP konke kudlala indima enkulu ekhwalithini yomfanekiso wokugcina. Inzwa ye-global shutter ehamba phambili emhlabeni izokhiqiza imiphumela emaphakathi uma ihlanganiswa nelensi eshibhile nokukhanyisa okulawulwa kabi.
Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lokuklanywa Kwe-Global Shutter
Ubuchwepheshe be-global shutter abuseyona into eyivelakancane embonini. Njengoba i-AR/VR, ukuhamba ngokuzenzakalela, kanye nokwenziwa kwezinto ngomshini kukhula, isidingo sezinzwa ze-global shutter ezinembile, ezesivinini esiphezulu, nezisebenzisa amandla amancane sizoqhubeka nokukhula. Futhi ubuchwepheshe buyathuthuka ukuze buhlangabezane naleso sidingo.
Sesivele sibona izigaba zokuqala zezinzwa ezisekelwe emicimbini (noma i-neuromorphic) zingena emakethe, ezithatha indlela ehluke ngokuphelele yokuthwebula ukunyakaza. Esikhundleni sokuthwebula amafreyimu aphelele ngezikhathi ezimisiwe, izinzwa zemicimbi zibika kuphela amaphikseli ashintsha umfutho. Zinikeza ukulungiswa kwesikhathi okuphezulu kakhulu futhi akukho ukufiphala kokunyakaza, kodwa zisebenza ngezimiso ezihluke ngokuphelele futhi zidinga ukucutshungulwa okukhethekile. Ezinhlelweni eziningi zokubona ngomshini zendabuko, izinzwa ze-global shutter ezisekelwe kumafreyimu zizohlala zibusa esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, ngenxa yokuhambisana kwazo nama-algorithms okubona ajwayelekile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu okulula.
Noma kunjalo, cishe sizobona ukuxubana okwengeziwe kobuchwepheshe. Izinzwa zesikhathi esizayo zingase zihlanganise ukuthwebula kwefreyimu ye-global shutter nokukhipha idatha esekelwe emcimbini ku-die efanayo, okunikeza abaklami bohlelo okuhle kukho kokubili. Sizobona futhi ukuncipha okuqhubekayo kwama-pixel pitches, ukwamukelwa okubanzi kwezakhiwo ezi-stacked, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungcono kokucubungula kwe-AI esenzweni—konke lokhu okuzokwenza amakhamera e-global shutter abe mancane, ashibhe, ahlakaniphe, futhi asebenze kakhulu.
Ekupheleni kosuku, isiphakamiso senani somklamo we-shutter yomhlaba wonke asishintshi: lapho udinga ukwazi kahle ukuthi into ethile yayikuphi ngesikhathi esithile, akukho okungena esikhundleni sokuchayeka kanyekanye. Ama-rolling shutter azohlala ebusa ezinhlelweni ezibiza kancane, ezinokunyakaza okuncane. Kodwa noma kuphi lapho ukunemba kokunyakaza, ubuqiniso bejometri, nokuthwebula okusheshayo okuthembekile kusohlwini lwezimfuneko, izinzwa ze-global shutter zizoqhubeka nokuba yindinganiso yegolide.
Ukuhwebelana kobunjiniyela kungokoqobo, futhi izinselelo zokuklama zinkulu. Kodwa ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka okuthuthukiswa, izinzwa zanamuhla ze-global shutter zinikeza ukusebenza obekungacatshangwa ngesikhathi lobuchwepheshe buqala—futhi okuhle kusazofika.
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