isiZulu
I-CMOS nezinzwa ze-Organic Ezisakhula Emamojulini Ekhamera: Yikuphi Okufanelana Nezidingo Zakho Zokuthwebula Izithombe Zekusasa?
Kwadalwa ngo 01.19
Emhlabeni wobuchwepheshe bezithombe obushintsha ngokushesha, amamojuli ekhamera ayizinsizwa ezingabonakali ezisekelayo konke kusuka kuma-smartphone nama-drone kuya kuma-scanner ezokwelapha nezimoto ezizihambelayo. Ezingqimeni zamamojuli ekhamera aphezulu kakhulu kukhona inzwa yesithombe—ingxenye eyiguqula ukukhanya ibe izimpawu zikagesi, echaza ikhwalithi, ukusebenza kahle, nokuguquguquka kwesithombe esiphelile. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, izinzwa ze-Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) ziye zaba yizona ezihamba phambili emakethe, zaba yizinga legolide ezithombeni zabathengi nezimboni. Kodwa-ke, izinzwa eziphuma kancane ezenziwe ngemvelo zithola ukuduma njengenye indlela ethembisayo, enikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile ezingashintsha ikusasa lokwakhiwa kwamamojuli ekhamera.
Lesi sihloko sihamba ngale kwokuqhathaniswa kwemingcele yakudala (njengezinombolo zamaphikseli noma ububanzi obunamandla) ukuze sihlolisise ukuthi izinzwa ze-CMOS nezimila ezintsha eziphilayo ziqhathaniswa kanjani nezidingo eziguqukayo zezicelo zesithombe zesimanje. Sizohlukanisa ubuchwepheshe bazo obuyisisekelo, amandla azo abalulekile nemikhawulo, nezigameko zokusebenzisa ezifanele, sikusize uqonde ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa obuyobusa enkathini elandelayo ye-amamojuli ekhamera.
Isingeniso Esisheshayo: Indlela Izinzwa ze-CMOS Nezomila Eziphilayo Ezisebenza Ngayo
Ngaphambi kokungena ekuqhathanisweni, ake sibuyekeze kancane izimiso eziyisisekelo zokusebenza zalohlobo lwezinzwa ngalunye—umongo obalulekile wokuqonda umehluko wokusebenza kwazo.
Izinzwa ze-CMOS: Inqola Ehlolisiwe
Izinzwa ze-CMOS zingamadivayisi e-semiconductor akhiwe ku-silicon wafer, asebenzisa inethiwekhi yamadivayisi e-photodiode ukuthwebula ukukhanya. I-photodiode ngayinye iguqula ama-photon abe ama-electron, agcinwa ku-capacitor. Inzwa isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obusetshenziswa kumachiphu ekhompyutha) ukufunda lezi zimpawu zikagesimende ngokulandelana, ipikseli nephikseli.
Eminyakeni edlule, izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-backside illumination (BSI), i-stacked CMOS, kanye ne-pixel binning ziye zathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-CMOS—zinyusa ukuzwela ekukhanyeni okuphansi, ububanzi obunamandla, kanye nesivinini sokufunda ngenkathi kuncishiswa umsindo. Lezi zinto ezintsha ziye zenze izinzwa ze-CMOS zibalulekile ezinhlelweni ezisukela ekuthwebuleni izithombe zama-smartphone kuya ekuthwebuleni izithombe zezimboni ezisheshayo.
Izinzwa ze-Organic: Umqhudelwano Omusha
Izinzwa ezingokwemvelo, ngokuphambene, zisebenzisa izinto ezingokwemvelo ezikagesi (izinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ekhabhoni) esikhundleni sikasillicon ukuthola ukukhanya. Uma ukukhanya kushaya ungqimba olungokwemvelo, kuvusa ama-electron, kukhiqize ugesi olinganisiwe futhi uguqulwe ube yidatha yesithombe. Ngokungafani ne-CMOS, edinga izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhiqiza isilicon, izinza ezingokwemvelo zingakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezisekelwe kusixazululo (njengokufafaza nge-spin noma ukuphrinta nge-inkjet) kumakhethini aguquguqukayo.
Leli lungu eliyisisekelo ezintweni kanye nokukhiqiza linikeza izinza ezingokwemvelo izici ezihlukile—ukuguquguquka, umklamo ongabizi kakhulu, kanye nokukhiqiza okungabizi—ezinza ze-CMOS ezingakwazi ukufanisa. Ngenkathi zisasesigabeni esisencane, ukuqhubeka kwakamuva kubuchwepheshe be-photodetector ezingokwemvelo kuvale igebe lokusebenza ezindaweni ezibalulekile, okwenza zibe enye indlela efanelekayo ezimweni ezithile.
Ukuqhathaniswa Okuyinhloko: I-CMOS vs. Ama-Organic Sensors Avelayo
Ukuhlola ukuthi yisiphi inzwa esingcono kumamojuli ekhamera, sidinga ukuziqhathanisa nezinkambiso ezibalulekile ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zesithombe zesimanje: ukusebenza, ubukhulu, izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukonga amandla, nokuqina. Ake sihlukanise isigaba ngasinye.
1. Ukusebenza Kwezithombe: Lapho i-CMOS Isahola—Okwamanje
Uma kukhulunywa ngezilinganiso eziyinhloko zezithombe, izinzwa ze-CMOS njengamanje zibambe isandla esiphezulu, ngenxa yeminyaka yokuthuthukiswa.
Ububanzi obunamandla (ikhono lokuthola imininingwane ezindaweni ezikhanyayo nezimnyama ngasikhathi sinye) kuyinto eyinhloko ye-CMOS. Izinsiza ze-CMOS ezihlanganisiwe, ikakhulukazi, zinikeza ububanzi obunamandla obuyi-14+ izitobhi, okwenza zibe zilungele izimo ezinokungafani okukhulu njengokuthwebula izithombe zomhlaba noma izithombe zezimoto (lapho kokubili izulu eligqamile nemininingwane yomgwaqo emnyama ibalulekile). Izinsiza ezi-organic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile zinezinga eliphansi lobubanzi obunamandla (izitobhi eziyi-10–12) namuhla, yize ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa lokhu.
Ukuzwela ekukhanyeni okuphansi kungenye indawo lapho i-CMOS ihamba phambili. Izinzwa ze-BSI CMOS zihambisa izintambo ngemuva kwenzwa, okuvumela ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukuthi kufinyelele kuma-photodiodes. Lokhu kunciphisa umsindo futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi—kubalulekile kumodi yasebusuku yama-smartphone noma amakhamera okuphepha. Izinzwa ze-organic zikhombise isithembiso ezindaweni zokukhanya okuphansi ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kwe-quantum (ikhono lokuguqula ama-photon abe ama-electron), kodwa zisahlukumezeka ngomsindo kuzilungiselelo eziphakeme ze-ISO.
Isivinini sokufunda kungenye inzuzo yesithathu ye-CMOS. Izinzwa ze-CMOS ezisheshayo zingathatha izithombe ngamafreyimu angu-100+ ngomzuzwana (fps), okwenza zifaneleke ezithombeni zesenzo, ukuhlolwa kwezimboni, namakhamera ezimoto ezizimele (adinga ukucubungula izigcawu ezihamba ngokushesha ngesikhathi sangempela). Izinzwa ze-organic njengamanje zinezivinini zokufunda ezihamba kancane, okukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezinhlelweni ezisheshayo.
2. Indlela Yokwakheka: Ukuvumelana Okuguqula Imidlalo Kwezinzwa Ze-Organic
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zezinzwa ze-CMOS ukuba aziguquguquki. Zakhiwe kumawafesi esilicon, izinzwa ze-CMOS ziyisicaba futhi ziyaphuka, okukhawulela ukwakhiwa kwamamojuli ekhamera. Lokhu kuyisithiyo esikhulu kwezicelo ezivelayo ezidinga izimo ezingajwayelekile—njengama-smartphone akwazi ukugoqwa, amakhamera agqokwayo (isibonelo, izibuko ezihlakaniphile), noma amakhamera ezimoto ashintsha umumo.
Ngokuphambene, izinzwa eziphilayo ziyaguquguquka ngokwemvelo. Zenziwa ezisekelweni eziguquguqukayo njengepulasitiki noma i-foil yensimbi, zingagoqwa, zigoqwe, noma ngisho zipheshulwe ngaphandle kokudicilela phansi ukusebenza. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuvula umhlaba omusha wokwakhiwa kwamamojuli ekhamera: cabanga ngezinsiza ezincane kakhulu, ezigobile zamafoni akwazi ukugoqwa, noma izinzwa ezivumelana nesimo somzimba wedrone noma i-endoscope yezokwelapha.
Idizayini elula ingenye inzuzo yezinzwa eziphilayo. Izinto eziphilayo zilula kakhulu kune-silicon, okwenza amamojula ekhamera abe mancane futhi abe lula—okubalulekile kumadivayisi aphathwayo njengamakhamera esenzo noma ubuchwepheshe obugqokwayo, lapho isisindo nosayizi kuyizinto ezinkulu ezikhawulela idizayini.
3. Izindleko Zokukhiqiza: Izinzwa Eziphilayo Zingashintsha Imakethe
Ukwenziwa kwezinzwa ze-CMOS kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, edinga imali eningi. Kudinga amagumbi ahlanzekile asezingeni eliphezulu, ukucubungula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye ne-lithography enembayo ukuze kwakhiwe i-silicon wafer. Lokhu kwenza izinzwa ze-CMOS zibize kakhulu ukukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi amamodeli anokulungiswa okuphezulu noma akhethekile (isibonelo, izinzwa ze-smartphone ezingama-100MP noma izinzwa ze-CMOS ezisezingeni lezimboni).
Izinzwa ze-organic zinikeza enye indlela engabizi kakhulu. Izinqubo zazo zokukhiqiza ezisekelwe kusixazululo (njengokuphrinta nge-inkjet) zilula futhi zidinga izinga lokushisa eliphansi, kunciphisa izindleko zamandla. Zinganaphrintwa nasezindaweni ezinkulu, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi ngezindleko eziphansi ngeyunithi. Kumamojuli ekhamera aphansi kuya emaphakathi (isibonelo, ama-smartphone esabelomali, amakhamera okuphepha asezingeni eliphansi), izinza ze-organic zingahlinzeka ngenye indlela eshibhile kune-CMOS ngaphandle kokudela ikhwalithi eyisisekelo yokuthwebula.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezinzwa ze-organic kusasezingeni lokukala. Njengoba imiqulu yokukhiqiza ikhuphuka futhi izinqubo zivuthwa, inzuzo yezindleko izoba sobala kakhulu.
4. Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla: Ukuboshelwa Ezinhlelweni Eziningi
Ukusebenzisa amandla kuyinto ebalulekile kumadivayisi asebenzisa ibhethri njengama-smartphones, ama-drone, nezinto ezigqokwayo. Izinzwa ze-CMOS sezihamba phambili ngokusebenzisa amandla kancane eminyakeni edlule, nemiklamo ye-CMOS eyenziwe ngesendlalelo yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokunciphisa ibanga phakathi kwenzwa nomshicileli wesithombe.
Izinzwa ze-organic nazo zinikeza ukusebenzisa amandla kahle, ngenxa yamandla azo aphansi okusebenza. Ngoba ama-organic semiconductor anokuhamba kwezithwali zamandla okuphansi kune-silicon, adinga amandla amancane ukuze asebenze. Kwezinye izimo, izinziwa ze-organic zingasebenzisa amandla aphansi afika ku-50% kunezinzwa ze-CMOS emsebenzini ofanayo wokwenza izithombe—nakuba lokhu kuhluka kuncike kumklamo othize kanye nokusetshenziswa.
Ezinhlelweni eziningi zabathengi nezimboni, zombili izinhlobo zezinzwa zinikeza ukusebenzisa amandla okwanele. Umehluko uba obaluleke kakhulu kumadivayisi asebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu (isibonelo, amakhamera e-IoT noma abaqaphi bezempilo abagqokwayo), lapho izinziwa ze-organic zingaba nenzuzo.
5. Ukuqina: Ukwethembeka okufakazelwe yi-CMOS
Ukuqina kuyinto ebalulekile kumamojula ekhamera asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinzima (isibonelo, izindawo zezimboni, amakhamera okuqapha angaphandle, noma izimoto). Izinzwa ze-CMOS ziqine kakhulu, ngokumelana kwesilicon okungokwemvelo nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama, kanye nengcindezi yemishini. Zingasebenza ngokwethembeka ebangeni elibanzi lezimo, kusuka ku--40°C kuye ku-85°C, okwenza zifanele izindawo eziyingozi.
Nokho, izinzawo ezingokwemvelo azinawo amandla namuhla. Izinto ezingokwemvelo ziyazwela emoyeni, emanzini, nasezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, okungonakalisa ukusebenza kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenkathi abacwaningi bethuthukisa izendlalelo zokuvikela ukubhekana nalolu daba, izinzawo ezingokwemvelo njengamanje zinomlando omfushane kunezinzawo ze-CMOS. Lokhu kukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezindaweni ezinzima—okungenani okwamanje.
Izimo Zokusetshenziswa Ezifanele: Yisiphi Inzwa Esifanele Isiphi Isicelo?
Ngokweqhathaniso olungenhla, kusobala ukuthi azikho izinzwa ze-CMOS noma ezenziwe ngemvelo ezilungele konke. Kunalokho, amandla azo kanye nemikhawulo yazo ziyenza zilungele izinhlelo ezithile. Ake sihlole izimo zokusebenzisa ezifanele ngayinye.
Izinzwa ze-CMOS: Zilungile kakhulu ekuthwebuleni izithombe ezisezingeni eliphezulu nasezindaweni ezinzima
Izinzwa ze-CMOS zisewona okukhethwa kukho okungcono kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kokuthwebula izithombe, ukwethembeka, noma ukuthwebula ngesivinini esikhulu. Izimo ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa zihlanganisa:
• Amafoni ahlakaniphile namakhamera asezingeni eliphezulu: Amafoni ahlakaniphile aphambili (isibonelo, i-iPhone Pro, uchungechunge lwe-Samsung Galaxy S) namakhamera ochwepheshe athembele ezimanzweni ze-CMOS ezibunjiwe ukuze zibe nesinqumo esingu-100MP+, ububanzi obuphezulu bokukhanya, nokusebenza ekukhanyeni okuphansi.
• Izimoto ezizihambelayo: Izimoto ezizihambelayo zidinga izivinini zokufunda ezisheshayo, ububanzi obuphezulu bokukhanya, nokuqina—konke lokhu kuyizimfanelo ze-CMOS. Zidinga ukuthwebula izithombe ezicacile zezinto ezihamba ngokushesha (isibonelo, abahamba ngezinyawo, ezinye izimoto) kuzo zonke izimo zokukhanya.
• Ukuhlolwa kwezimboni: Amakhamera ezimboni asetshenziselwa ukulawula ikhwalithi noma umbono womshini adinga ukuthwebula ngesivinini esikhulu nokwethembeka ezindaweni eziyinselele zomkhiqizo. I-CMOS sensors iyaphumelela lapha.
• Ukuthwebula kwezokwelapha: Amadivayisi afana nemishini ye-X-ray nama-endoscope adinga ukuthwebula okuphezulu, okungena umsindo omncane. I-CMOS sensors isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuthwebuleni kwezokwelapha ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo nokuqina.
Ama-Organic Sensors: Ahamba phambili ekuthwebuleni okuguquguqukayo, okungabizi, nokuthwalekayo
Ama-Organic sensors alungele izicelo lapho isimo, isisindo, nezindleko kubaluleke kakhulu kunokusebenza okuphelele. Izimo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:
• Amadivayisi agobekayo futhi agqokwayo: Ama-smartphone agobekayo, izibuko ezihlakaniphile, kanye nama-monitor ezempilo agqokwayo (isib. ama-fitness tracker anamakhamera) azuzwa ekugobekeni kwama-organic sensors kanye nomklamo ongagcini.
• Amadivayisi abathengi angabizi: Ama-smartphone asezingeni eliphansi, amakhamera alahlwayo, namakhamera ezokuphepha angabizi angasebenzisa ama-organic sensors ukunciphisa izindleko ngenkathi egcina ikhwalithi eyisisekelo yokuthwebula izithombe.
• Amakhamera e-IoT kanye nekhaya elihlakaniphile: Amakhamera e-IoT anomthamo ophansi, osayizi omncane (isib. izinsimbi zomnyango ezihlakaniphile, amakhamera okuqapha imvelo) angasebenzisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi zama-organic sensors.
• Ukuthwebula izithombe okuhambisana nokuma: Izicelo ezifana nama-dashcam ezimoto ezigoqekayo, amakhamera ahlanganiswe nomzimba wedrone, noma ama-endoscope ezokwelapha (lapho inzwa idinga ukulingana nendawo egobileyo) ingafinyelelwa kuphela ngama-organic sensors agobekayo.
Ikusasa: Ingabe Ama-Organic Sensors Azobuyisela i-CMOS?
Impendulo emfushane: Cha—okungenani hhayi ngokuphelele. Izinzwa ze-CMOS zineminyaka yokuphuculwa kanye nesisekelo esikhulu esikhona, okwenza zingashintshwa ezinhlelweni ezisebenza kakhulu esikhathini esiseduze. Kodwa-ke, izinzawo ezenziwe ngemvelo zilungile ukuba zithole indawo ebalulekile emakethe, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezivelayo ezidinga ukuguquguquka noma izindleko eziphansi.
Ucwaningo ngezinzwa ezenziwe ngemvelo luyathuthuka ngokushesha. Ososayensi basebenza ukuthuthukisa ububanzi obunamandla, isivinini sokufunda, nokuqina—bekhuluma nemikhawulo yamanje. Ngokwesibonelo, intuthuko yakamuva ezintweni ezithatha ukukhanya ezenziwe ngemvelo ziye zandisa ukusebenza kwe-quantum ukufanisa noma ukudlula i-CMOS kwezinye izimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izendlalelo ezintsha zokuvikela zenza izinzawo ezenziwe ngemvelo zibe namandla okumelana nezinto ezithinta imvelo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, singase sibone indlela ehlanganisiwe: amamojuli ekhamera ahlanganisa izinzwa ze-CMOS nezokungokwemvelo ukuze kuxhoshwe amandla omabili. Ngokwesibonelo, i-smartphone esongwayo ingasebenzisa inzwa ye-CMOS ekhamera eyinhloko (enikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu) kanye nenzwa yokungokwemvelo ekhamera yesibili esongwayo (enika amandla umklamo oguquguqukayo).
Enye indlela okufanele siyibheke ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI nobuchwepheshe bezinzwa. Izъмwa ze-CMOS nezokungokwemvelo zingazuza ekucubunguleni izithombe okunamandla e-AI ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza—isibonelo, ukunciphisa umsindo ezъмwa zokungokwemvelo noma ukuthuthukisa ububanzi obunamandla ezъмwa ze-CMOS. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kungenzeka kudlale indima enkulu esikhathini esizayo sokuklama amamojuli ekhamera.
Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Inzwa Elungile Yamojuli Yakho yekhamera
Ama-sensor e-CMOS kanye nama-organic sensors asafufusa amelela izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene kubuchwepheshe bamamojula ekhamera, ngayinye inamandla ayo namacala ayo afanelekayo. Ama-sensor e-CMOS ayisinqumo esihlolwe kahle sokusebenza okuphezulu, ukwethembeka, nokuthwebula izithombe ezindaweni ezinzima—kwenza kube kubalulekile kumadivayisi aphambili, izimoto ezizihambelayo, nezicelo zezimboni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-organic sensors anikeza ukuguquguquka okushintsha umdlalo, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nomklamo ongabizi—evula amathuba amasha kumadivayisi okugoqeka, izinto ezigqokwayo, nemikhiqizo yabathengi enesabelomali esiphansi.
Njengoba uklama noma ukhetha amamojula ekhamera emikhiqizweni yakho, okubalulekile ukubeka phambili izidingo eziyinhloko zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza: Ingabe udinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu nokuqina? Khetha i-CMOS. Ingabe udinga ukuguquguquka, izindleko eziphansi, noma isimo esingesona esivamile? Gcina iso kubuchwepheshe obusha be-organic sensor.
Ikusasa lamamojula ekhamera akuyona eyokuthi inzwa eyodwa ithathe indawo yomunye—kuyinto yokusebenzisa amandla ayingqayizivele enye nenye ukudala izixazululo eziguquguqukayo, eziphumelelayo, neziqanjwe kabusha. Noma ngabe wakha i-smartphone elandelayo ehlonishwayo noma idivayisi egqokwayo esezingeni eliphezulu, ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe-CMOS nama-organic sensors kuzokusiza ukuthi uhlale uphambili emhlabeni osheshayo wobuchwepheshe bokuthwebula izithombe.
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