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Izibani Zomgwaqo Ezihlakaniphile Ezinezixhumiwe Zamakhamera: Amaqhawe Angaziswayo Emizini Ehlakaniphile Ehlanganisa Idatha
Kwadalwa ngo 01.08
Amadolobha emhlabeni jikelele adlula ekuguqulweni okuthule. Njengoba abantu bezidolobha bekhula futhi isidingo sezindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo, ziphephile, nezizinzile sikhula, iziphathimandla ziya ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile ukuze zicabange kabusha izakhiwo zomphakathi. Phakathi kwalezi zinguquko, izibani ezihlakaniphile zomgwaqo ezinezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe izikhangiso zezikhamuzigcizelele—hhayi nje njengezibani ezithuthukisiwe, kodwa njengomgogodla wezinhlelo zedolobha ezihlakaniphile ezisekelwe kwidatha. Ngokungafani nezibani zomgwaqo zakudala ezisebenza ngenjongo eyodwa, lezi zinhlelo eziphambili zihlanganisa ukukhanyisa, ukuqapha, kanye nokuqoqwa kwedatha ukuxazulula izinselelo ezibucayi zasemadolobheni, kusukela ekuvinjezelweni kwezimoto kuya ekuvikelekeni komphakathi nokuqapha imvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi lezi zinsiza ezinemisebenzi eminingi zishintsha kanjani amadolobha, sihlahle izinganekwane ezijwayelekile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwazo, futhi sigcizelele ukuthi kungani ziyisidingo esibalulekile sokutshalwa kwezimali esikhathini esizayo sokuphila kwasezidolobheni.
Ngaphandle Kokukhanya: Ukuvela Kwezibani Ezihlakaniphile Zomgwaqo
Izibani zomgwaqo bezilokhu ziyingxenye ebalulekile yezindawo zasemadolobheni isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, ziguquka kusuka ezibani zegesi zaya ezibani zikagesi, futhi muva nje, ubuchwepheshe be-LED. Kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamamojuli ekhamera kubonisa ushintsho olukhulu enjongo yazo. Izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile zanamuhla azisazona izinto ezingasebenzi; ziyizindawo ezisebenzayo kunethiwekhi exhunyiwe, ezikwazi ukuthatha idatha yesikhathi sangempela nokuxhumana nezinye izinhlelo zedolobha elihlakaniphile—izimpawu zomgwaqo, amathuluzi okuphatha udoti, kanye nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo, ukubala ezimbalwa.
Inhloso enkulu yalo mkhuba wokuthuthuka itholakala ekuxhumaneni kanye nedatha. Izibani zomgwaqo eziningi zesimanje ezihlakaniphile ezinezikhamera zihlomele izinzwa ze-IoT (Internet of Things), ukuxhumana kwe-5G noma i-LTE, namakhono okucubungula idatha eseduze. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zingacubungula idatha endaweni (kunciphisa ukubambezeleka nokusetshenziswa kwe-bandwidth) futhi zidlulisele imininingwane esebenzisekayo kubaphathi bomuzi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, isibani somgwaqo esihlakaniphile singalungisa ukukhanya kwaso ngokusekelwe ekuhambeni kwabantu noma izimoto, kanti imodyuli yekhamera yaso iqapha izingozi noma imisebenzi esolisayo—konke lokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa komuntu.
Kodwa kungani kuhlanganiswa amakhamera ngqo? Amakhamera ahlinzeka ngesendlalelo esibonakalayo sedatha ezinye izinzwa (njengezinzwa zokunyakaza noma izinzwa zokushisa) ezingakwazi ukufanisa. Zivumela amadolobha ukuthi "baphathe" okwenzeka emigwaqweni yazo, bahlaziye amaphethini, futhi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Lolu lwazi olubonakalayo, uma luhlanganiswa ne-AI ne-machine learning algorithms, luvula uhla olubanzi lwezicelo ezingaphezu kokubhekwa nje.
Ukuchitha Umbono Ongalungile: Ubumfihlo vs. Inzuzo Yomphakathi
Enye yezinto ezinkulu ezikhathazayo mayelana nezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ezinezikhamera ezihlanganisiwe yimfihlo. Abagxeki bathi lezi zinto zifana nokugadwa ngobuningi, okuphazamisa ilungelo lezakhamizi lokuba nobumfihlo ezindaweni zomphakathi. Ngenkathi le nkathazo isemthethweni, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa ngokuziphendulela nokuhlukunyezwa. Okubalulekile kusemthethweni okucacile, ukubethela kwedatha, nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe eziqoqiwe okuhloswe ngaso.
Izinhlelo zamakhamera ezilawulwa yi-modern smart street light zakhelwe ngokucabangela ubumfihlo. Eziningi zisebenzisa i-edge computing ukucubungula idatha endaweni, okusho ukuthi izithombe ezingalungisiwe azigcinwa efwini ngaphandle kokuba kudingeke. Kunalokho, uhlelo luhlaziya izithombe ngesikhathi sangempela ukuthola izenzakalo ezithile (njengengozi yemoto noma ukukhanya okungasebenzi komgwaqo) futhi ludlulisa kuphela ulwazi olufanele (isibonelo, “ingozi endaweni X ngo-3:15 PM”) kubaphathi bomuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omkhulu omkhulu unemigomo eqinile yokugcina idatha, isusa izithombe ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane (ngokuvamile amahora angu-24 kuya ku-72) ngaphandle kokuba kudingeke ngophenyo.
Ubukhazikhazi buyabaluleka futhi. Amadolobha aphumelele ukwamukela lezi zinhlelo—njengeBarcelona, iSingapore, nePortland—ashicilela imihlahlandlela ecacile mayelana nokuthi amakhamera asetshenziswa kanjani, yini idatha eqoqwayo, nokuthi ubani onayo. Abanye baze babambe izingqungquthela zomphakathi ukuze baqoqe impendulo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. Uma kusetshenziswe kahle, inzuzo yomphakathi yalezi zinhlelo idlula kakhulu izinkinga zobumfihlo, njengoba zinikela emadolobheni aphephile, asebenza kahle.
Izicelo Eziyinhloko: Indlela Izibani Zomgwaqo Ezihlakaniphile Ezinezikhamera Ezixazulula Izinselele Zedolobha
Inani langempela lamalambu emigwaqo ahlakaniphile anamakhamera ahlanganisiwe likuvumela ukuthi uwasebenzise ngezindlela eziningi. Ngezansi kunezinhlelo ezithinta kakhulu eziguqula amadolobha namuhla:
1. Ukuphathwa Kwethrafikhi Nokunciphisa Ukuvaleka Kwemigwaqo
Ukuvaleka kwethrafikhi kubiza imizi izigidi zezigidi zamadola minyaka yonke ngokulahleka kokukhiqiza kanye nokwanda kokukhishwa. Amakhamera ahlakaniphile ezibani zomgwaqo asiza ukunciphisa le nkinga ngokuhlinzeka ngedatha yethrafikhi yesikhathi sangempela. Amakhamera anikwe amandla yi-AI angakwazi ukubona inani lezimoto, isivinini sazo, namaphethini okugeleza kwethrafikhi emagcekeni. Lolu datha bese lusetshenziselwa ukulungisa izikhathi zezimpawu zethrafikhi ngokuzenzakalelayo—ukwelula izibani eziluhlaza zemizila enabantu abaningi nokuyinciphisa kuleyo engekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, eSingapore, izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ezinamakhamera ziye zacisha ukuvaleka kwethrafikhi ngo-15% ezindaweni ezihloswe, ngokusho kocwaningo luka-2024 olwenziwe yi-Singapore Land Transport Authority.
La makhamera angakwazi futhi ukuthola izingozi zomgwaqo noma izithiyo (njengesihlahla esiwile noma imbobo) futhi azise ngokushesha amaqembu alawula ithrafikhi. Lokhu kunciphisa izikhathi zokuphendula, kunciphisa umthelela wezehlakalo ekuhambeni kwethrafikhi. Ezimweni ezithile, amakhamera angakwazi ngisho nokuxhumana ngqo nezimoto ezizihambelayo, ahlinzeka ngolwazi lwesikhathi sangempela mayelana nezimo zomgwaqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzulazula okuphephile.
2. Ukuvikeleka Komphakathi Nokuvimbela Ubugebengu
Ukuphepha komphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-masipala, futhi amakhamera ahlakaniphile ezibani zasemgwaqweni abonakala esebenza kahle ekugwemeni ubugebengu. Ngokungafani namakhamera ajwayelekile okugadwa, avame ukuba sezindaweni ezithile, izibani zasemgwaqweni ezihlakaniphile zisakazwa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke idolobha, zinikeza ukumbozwa okuphelele. I-AI algorithms ingathola ukuziphatha okusolisa (njengokuhamba kancane, ukonakalisa impahla, noma ukuziphatha okunolaka) futhi yazise abomthetho ngesikhathi sangempela, ibavumele ukuba basabele ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ubugebengu.
E-Portland, e-Oregon, idolobha ifake 600 izibani ezihlakaniphile zomgwaqo ezinezikhamuzi ezindaweni ezinamacala amaningi ngo-2023. Ngaphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, idolobha labika ukuncipha kwecala lezimpahla ngo-22% kanye nokuncipha kwecala elibulalayo ngo-18% kulezo zindawo. Izikhamuzi zaphinde zasiza ekuxazululeni amacala angama-35% ngokuqinisekisa ividiyo ecacile yezigameko. Kubalulekile, idolobha lenze imithetho eqinile yokuvikela ubumfihlo, kuhlanganisa nokunciphisa ukufinyelela kuvidiyo kubantu abagunyaziwe kuphela nokususa ividiyo ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-48.
3. Ukuhlola Imvelo Nokugcina
Imizi-dolobha ibhekene nomfutho omkhulu wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni futhi ibe esimeme kakhudlwana. Amakhamera ezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile, uma ahlanganiswa nezinzwa zemvelo, angadlala indima enkulu kulo mzamo. Amakhamera angathola ukungcola komoya (ngokuqapha intuthu noma izinhlayiya zothuli) nokungcola komsindo (ngokuhlaziya izimpawu ezibonakalayo njengobuningi bethrafikhi noma imisebenzi yokwakha). Lolu lwazi lusetshenziselwa ukukhomba izindawo ezinokungcola okuningi futhi kuqaliswe izixazululo eziqondisiwe—njengokunciphisa ithrafikhi ezindaweni ezinokungcola okuphezulu noma ukuphoqelela amazinga okukhishwa kwezimoto.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya kwe-LED ezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile kakade kusebenzisa amandla kancane kunezibani zakudala, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kufika ku-70%. Uma kuhlanganiswa nezinzwa zokunyakaza (ezihlanganiswe nezikhamera), izibani zingancipha uma kungekho msebenzi, kunciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. E-Barcelona, izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ezinezikhamera ziye zasiza idolobha ukuthi linciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngamathani angu-8,000 ngonyaka, ngokusho kombiko wedolobha wokuzinza ka-2024.
4. Ukuphathwa kwezeNgozi nokuPhathwa kweziHlekelele
Ngezimo eziphuthumayo—njengemililo, izikhukhula, noma izinhlekelele zemvelo—imizuzwana ngayinye ibalulekile. Amakhamera ahlakaniphile ezibani zomgwaqo angabonelela izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo ngolwazi ngesikhathi sangempela, abasize baphendule ngempumelelo kakhudlwana. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwenzeka umlilo, amakhamera angathola intuthu futhi azise izicishamlilo ngokushesha, anikeze ulwazi mayelana nendawo kanye nobunzima bomlilo. Ngezikhukhula, amakhamera angakwazi ukuqapha amazinga amanzi futhi asize amaqembu ezimo eziphuthumayo ukuthi abone izindawo ezidinga ukuyiswa kwabanye abantu.
Ngo-2022, lapho Isiphepho u-Ian sihlasela iFlorida, amakhamera ahlakaniphile ezibani zomgwaqo e-Tampa ahlinzeke ngamavidiyo angempela ezikhukhula kanye nomonakalo wesiphepho kumaqembu okuphatha izimo eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kwabasiza ukuthi babeke phambili imizamo yokusindisa futhi bahlanganise izinsiza ngempumelelo kakhudlwana, kusindiswa izimpilo eziningi. Amakhamera aqhubeke nokusebenza ngisho nangesikhathi samandla ombane ephazamisekile, ngenxa yamaphaneli elanga akhelwe ngaphakathi kanye namabhethri okungaxhasi—kwenza kube ithuluzi elithembekile ezimweni zezinhlekelele.
Ikakhazelo Yezibani Zomgwaqo Ezihlakaniphile: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-AI Ne-5G
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, amandla ezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ezinezixhumi zamakhamera azokhula kuphela. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI ne-5G kulindeleke ukuthi kuthwale lezi zinhlelo esigabeni esilandelayo. Izindlela ze-AI zizoba ngobuchwepheshe obuningi, okuvumela amakhamera ukuthi athole imicimbi ebanzi—njengezimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha (isibonelo, umuntu ewa) noma izinkinga zezempilo zomphakathi (isibonelo, imihlangano emikhulu ngesikhathi sobhubhane).
Ukuxhumana kwe-5G kuzohlinzeka ngokuxhumana okusheshayo, okuthembekile, okuvumela izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ukuthi zidlulise inani elikhulu ledatha (njengezithombe ezicacile) ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuzovumela izicelo ezithuthukisiwe, njengokungokoqobo okwengeziwe (AR) kubahleli bedolobha—abangasebenzisa idatha yekhamera ukubona izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zengqalasizinda—noma ukuqapha izixuku ngesikhathi sangempela ngesikhathi semicimbi emikhulu (njengamakhonsathi noma imidlalo yezemidlalo) ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi.
Enye yezinto ezivelayo ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, njengezithwebuli zelanga, ezibukweni ezihlakaniphile. Lokhu kwenza izinhlelo zibe zisimeme kakhudlwana futhi kunciphisa ukuncika kwazo kugridi yamandla. Eminye imizi ihlola ngisho nezibukweni ezihlakaniphile ezingashaja izimoto zikagesi (ama-EV), ibenze izikhungo ezisebenza ngezindlela eziningi zokuhamba emadolobheni.
Kungani omasipala kufanele batshale ezibukweni ezihlakaniphile ezinezikhamera
Omasipala abacabanga ukutshala kwezobuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile, izibukweni ezihlakaniphile ezinezikhamera ezihlanganisiwe zinikeza inzuzo enkulu ekutshalweni kwezimali (i-ROI). Nansi ukuthi kungani:
• Ukonga izindleko: Ukukhanya kwe-LED kunciphisa izindleko zamandla, kanti izici zokudimisa okunamandla nokuphathwa kwezimoto kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha eqoqwe izikhamera ingasiza amadolobha ukuthi athuthukise ezinye izinsizakalo—njengokuqoqwa kukadoti noma ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo—ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko.
• Ukuthuthukiswa Kokuphepha Komphakathi: Njengoba kukhonjiswe amadolobha afana nePortland neSingapore, lezi zinhlelo zinciphisa amazinga obugebengu futhi zithuthukisa izikhathi zokuphendula ezimeni eziphuthumayo, zenze amadolobha aphephe kakhulu izakhamuzi nezivakashi.
• Ukusimama: Ukuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kusiza amadolobha ukuthi afinyelele izinhloso zawo zokusimama, okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhangeni amabhizinisi nezakhamuzi.
• Ukwenza Izinqumo Ngokusekelwe Kudatha: Idatha yesikhathi sangempela eqoqwa amakhamera inikeza abaphathi bedolobha imininingwane ebalulekile ngamathrendi emadolobheni, ibavumela ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nengqalasizinda, izinsizakalo, nezinqubomgomo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphumelela kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela. Omkhandlu kamasipala kufanele baqale ngohlelo lokuqala endaweni encane, baqoqe impendulo evela kubahlali namabhizinisi, futhi balungise izinqubomgomo zabo ngaphambi kokukhulisa. Kufanele futhi babambisane nabahlinzeki bezobuchwepheshe abahlonishwayo abenza kube yinto ebalulekile ubumfihlo nokuphepha, baqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zisebenza ngendlela efanele nangokucacile.
Isiphetho: Amalambu Emigwaqo Ahlakaniphile Njengesisekelo Samadolobha Ahlakaniphile
Izibani zasemgwaqweni ezihlakaniphile ezinamajeneli amakhamera azikho nje izinto zokukhanyisa ezithuthukisiwe—ziyisisekelo samadolobha ahlakaniphile asekelwe idatha. Ngokuhlanganisa ukukhanyisa, ukuqapha, nokuqoqwa kwedatha, lezi zinhlelo zixazulula ezinye zezinselelo ezicindezela kakhulu emadolobheni, kusukela ekuvinjezelweni kwethrafikhi kuya ekuvikelekeni komphakathi nasekuqaphelweni kwemvelo. Lapho zisebenza ngendlela efanele, ngokugxila ekuvikelekeni kwemininingwane kanye nokuba sobala, zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu emadolobheni kanye nabahlali bawo.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, indima yalezi zinhlelo izoba yibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-AI ne-5G, zizoba namandla amaningi, okuvumela amadolobha ukuba abe aphephile, asebenze kahle, futhi azinze kakhudlwana. Kwimikhandlu efuna ukwakha amadolobha esikhathi esizayo, ukutshala imali ezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ezinezinhlelo zekhamera kuyisinqumo esihlakaniphile nesicabanga esikhathini esizayo.
Uma ungumphathi wedolobha noma umhleli wedolobha onesifiso sokufunda kabanzi ngokuthi izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ezinezikhamera zingawuguqula kanjani umuzi wakho, thintana nomhlinzeki wezobuchwepheshe be-IoT kanye nedolobha elihlakaniphile namuhla. Ikusasa lokuphila kwamadolobha lisekelwe kudatha—futhi liqala ngezibani zomgwaqo ezihamba emigwaqweni yethu.
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