isiZulu
Amamojuli Ekhamera Aqapha Kanjani Izimvelo Zezilwandle Zama-Coral: Uguquko Olushukunyiswa Ubuchwepheshe Ekulondolozweni Kwezilwandle
Kwadalwa ngo 01.08
Izimpophoma zamakhorali, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “amahlathi emvula olwandle,” zisekela ngaphezu kuka-25% wezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle futhi zinikeza izimpilo ezibalulekile ezigidini zabantu emhlabeni jikelele. Nokho, lezi zimvelo ezibalulekile zibhekene nosongo olungakaze lubonwe—ukufudumala kolwandle okubangelwa ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, i-acidification, ukungcola, kanye nokudoba ngokweqile kuholele ekwehleni okungama-50% kwesembozo samakhorali eminyakeni engu-50 edlule. Ukuqapha impilo yezimpophoma zamakhorali akukaze kube kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa izindlela zendabuko (njengezinhlolovo zabagibeli bezindiza kanye nezithombe zesathelayithi) zikhawulwe izindleko eziphakeme, imvamisa ephansi, kanye nesinqumo esibi sendawo. Fakaamamojuli ekhamera: ihlangene, ihlakaniphile, futhi iyabiza kancane kancane—lezi zikhompyutha ziguqula indlela esibuka, sihlaziye, futhi sivikela ngayo izilwandle zamakhorali. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindlela ezintsha izikhompyutha eziguqula ngazo ukuqapha izilwandle zamakhorali, ubuchwepheshe obuzisekelayo, izicelo zangempela, kanye nendima yazo ekuvikelekeni kwekusasa kwezindawo zazo zasolwandle.
Imikhawulo yokuqapha izilwandle zamakhorali ngendlela yakudala—futhi kungani izikhompyutha ziyisishintshi semidlalo
Ngaphambi kokucubungula ubuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izindlela zokuhlola ezivamile zingasafaneleki. Izivivinyo zabagibeli bezindiza, ezaziyindlela eyinhloko iminyaka eminingi, zidinga abasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu ukuqoqa idatha ngekhava yamakhola, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo, nezehlakalo zokushisa. Ngenkathi ziqinisekile ezindaweni ezincane, le ndlela ithatha isikhathi eside, ibiza kakhulu, futhi iyingozi—abagibeli bangahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esilinganiselwe, futhi izivivinyo ngokuvamile zenziwa minyaka yonke noma njalo ngonyaka—ziphuthelwa izinguquko zesikhashana (njengokuqubuka okungazelelwe kokushisa noma ukulimala kwesiphepho). Izithombe zesathelayithi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu kodwa azikwazi ukuthola imininingwane emihle, njengezimbotshana zamakhola ngazinye noma izimpawu zokuqala zokugula.
Amamojuli ekhamera axazulula lezi zikhala ngokunikeza inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokulungiswa okuphezulu kwendawo, amandla okuthunyelwa esikhathini eside, kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokungafani nabacwazi, izinhlelo zekhamera zingasebenza ngokuqhubekayo amasonto noma izinyanga, ziqopha idatha ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile—kusuka emaminithini kuya emahoreni—ukuze ziqophe izinguquko eziguquguqukayo. Ngokungafani namasatelayithi, zinikeza izithombe eziseduze, ezinemininingwane ezembula izinkomba ezicashile zempilo yomngcwabo—kusuka kumbala wethishu we-coral (isibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuqothuka) kuya ebukhoneni bezinhlanzi ezincane (isikhombisi sokululama komngcwabo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko ekunciphiseni ubukhulu kanye nomklamo onamandla aphansi wenze la mamojuli abe mancane ngokwanele ukuba athunyelwe ezindaweni ezikude noma ezinzima ukufinyelela kuzo, kusuka emachibini asolwandle angajulile kuya emingcwabeni yasolwandle ejulile.
Ubuchwepheshe ngemuva kwezikhompyutha zokuqapha izilwandle zamakhorali
Izikhompyutha zanamuhla zokuqapha izilwandle zamakhorali zikude kakhulu kunamakhamera nje angaphansi kwamanzi; yizinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa ihadiwe yokubona, izinzwa, imithombo yamandla, kanye namakhono okucubungula idatha. Ake sihlukanise izakhi ezibalulekile nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ukuze kuqashwe izimiso zemvelo zezilwandle:
1. Ihadiwe Yokubona: Ukuthwebula Izithombe Ezingaphansi Kwamanzi Eziyicacile, Ezinemininingwane
Inhliziyo yanoma iyiphi imodyuli yekhamera inzwa yayo yokuthwebula izithombe, eyanquma ukulungiswa, ukusebenza ekukhanyeni okuphansi, nokunemba kombala—izinto ezibalulekile zokuqapha ngaphansi kwamanzi. Iningi lamamodyuli okuqapha ama-reef lisebenzisa izinzwa ze-CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwazo amandla aphansi, ukulungiswa okuphezulu, kanye nekhono lokuthwebula izithombe ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi (ezibalulekile kuma-reef ajulile noma emanzini angacacile). Amamodyuli amaningi futhi afaka amalensi e-wide-angle ukumboza izindawo ezinkulu kanye nezindlu zangaphansi kwamanzi ezilinganiselwe kumajubane afika kumamitha angu-1,000, okuvumela ukuqapha ama-reef ase-mesophotic (ajubane aphakathi)—izindawo ezake zazinzima ukufinyelelwa ngezinhlolovo zakudala.
Ukunemba kombala kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni ukubuna kwezintethe. Izintethe zithola imibala yazo egqamile kusuka kuma-algae avumelanayo aziwa njenge-zooxanthellae; lapho zicindezelwa—isibonelo, ngamanzi afudumele—izintethe zikhipha la ma-algae, ziveze amathambo azo amhlophe e-calcium carbonate. Amamojuli ekhamera alungiswa ukuthatha imibala engokoqobo, esebenzisa ukulungiswa kwebhalansi emhlophe nama-algorithm okulungisa umbala ukukhokhela ukuthi amanzi amunca kanjani ukukhanya (ukukhanya okubomvu kumuncwa ngokushesha, kushiya izintethe ezijulile zibukeka ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphandle kokulungiswa). Amanye amamojuli athuthukile asebenzisa ngisho nokuthwebula izithombe eziningi—ukuthwebula ukukhanya ngaphezu kwe-spectrum ebonakalayo, njengokukhanya okungaphansi kwesibhakabhaka—ukuthola izimpawu zokuqala zokucindezeleka ngaphambi kokuba ukubuna kubonakale emehlweni.
2. Izinzwa Ezihlanganisiwe: Ngaphezu kwezithombe—Ukukala Izinto Ezibangela Imvelo
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani izinguquko zamareef zenzeka, amamojuli ekhamera avame ukuhlanganiswa nezinzwa zemvelo ezikala izinto ezibalulekile ezithinta impilo yama-coral. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
• Izinzwa zokushisa: Ukufudumala kwezilwandle kuyimbangela enkulu yokushwabana kwamakhola; izinzwa zilandelela izinga lokushisa lamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela ukukhomba izenzakalo zokucindezeleka okushisayo.
• Izinswa ze-pH: Ukubola kwezilwandle (okubangelwa ukumunca i-CO₂) kubuthisa amathambo amakhola; idatha ye-pH isiza ukuhlola izinsongo zesikhathi eside esakhiweni sezindunduma.
• Izinzwa zokukhanya: Izilwane ezifuyelwa emanzini (corals) zincike ekukhanyeni ukuze kwenzeke i-photosynthesis; izinza zilinganisa amandla okukhanya ukuze kuqashwe izinguquko ekucaceni kwamanzi (isibonelo, ukungcola noma ukuhlala kweminyele) okuthinta ukukhula kwezilwane ezifuyelwa emanzini.
• Izinzwa zemisinga: Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuthinta ukulethwa kwezinto ezondlayo nokususwa kokungcola; idatha yemisinga isiza ukuqonda ukukhiqiza nokumelana kwemifula yamanzi.
Ngokuhlanganisa izithombe nedatha yenzwa, abacwaningi bangasungula ubudlelwano bokubangela nemiphumela—ngokwesibonelo, ukuxhumanisa ukwanda okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa nomcimbi wokubuna okuthunjwe kumavidiyo ekhamera. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe iletha ukuqonda okuphelele kwezempilo yomfula kunokuba izithombe zodwa.
3. Ukudluliswa Kwamandla Nedatha: Ukunika amandla Ukuqapha Okude, Okukude
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekuqapheni ngaphansi kwamanzi ukunika amandla amadivayisi nokudlulisa idatha emuva ogwini. Izinhlelo zekhamera zakudala zazidinga ukutholwa njalo ukuze kukhishwe idatha futhi kushintshwe amabhethri, okwakukhawulela isikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwazo. Amamojuli ekhamera yesimanje axazulula le nselelo ngezinto ezimbili ezintsha ezibalulekile:
Idizayini enamandla aphansi: Ukuqhubeka kwezinzwa ezisebenzisa amandla kancane nama-microprocessor kuvumela amamojuli ukuthi asebenze ngamandla amancane. Amaningi asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion angashajwa kabusha ahambisana namaphaneli elanga (ngamaripha angajulile) noma ukushaja kwe-inductive (ngokuthunyelwa okujulile, lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kunomkhawulo). Amanye amamojuli ngisho nangokuvuna amandla emvula yamanzi olwandle noma ukunyakaza kwamagagasi, okuvumela ukuthunyelwa okuhlala njalo, okuzenzakalelayo.
Ukudluliswa kwedatha okungenantambo: Emadwaleni angajulile, amamojuli asebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi noma e-cellular (4G/5G ukuthumela idatha yesikhathi sangempela kumapulatifomu asekelwe efwini. Emadwaleni ajulile, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezisebenzisa umsindo (ezisebenzisa amagagasi omsindo, ahamba kude emanzini kunamagagasi omsakazo) zidlulisa idatha kumabhoyii angaphezulu, bese zidlulisela ogwini nge-satellite. Lokhu kudluliswa kwesikhathi sangempela kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi basabele ngokushesha ezinsongweni ezivelayo—isibonelo, ukuthumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bahlole umcimbi wokubuna ngokushesha nje lapho utholakala.
4. I-AI ne-Machine Learning: Ukuzenzakalela Ukuhlaziya Idatha
Mhlawumbe ubuchwepheshe obuguqula kakhulu ekugadweni kwezilwandle ngamakhamera ukuhlanganiswa kwe-artificial intelligence (AI) ne-machine learning (ML). Amamojuli ekhamera akhiqiza izinkulungwane zezithombe nsuku zonke; ukuhlaziya ngesandla le datha kungathatha izinyanga, kubambezele imizamo yokulondolozwa. Ama-algorithm e-AI angakwazi ukucubungula ngokuzenzakalelayo lezi zithombe ukuze kutholwe futhi kubalwe amakhorali, izinhlanzi, nezinye izilwane zasolwandle, kulinganiswe ukumbozwa kwamakhhorali, futhi kutholwe izimpawu zokubuna kombala noma izifo.
Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseQueensland bathuthukisa imodeli ye-ML ebizwa nge-"CoralNet" ekwazi ukukhomba izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 zezimila zasolwandle ezithombeni zekhamera ngokunemba okungu-95%—lokhu kufana nokusebenza kwezinhloli ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Enye imodeli, i-"BleachWatch AI," ihlaziya izindlela zemibala ezithombeni ukuze ithole ukubola ezinyathelweni zayo zokuqala, kuze kube amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokuba kubonakale kubantu abaqaphelayo. Ngokuzenzakalela ukuhlaziya idatha, i-AI inciphisa isikhathi nezindleko zokuqapha, ivumela ososayensi ukuthi bacubungule amaqoqo amakhulu edatha ngokushesha futhi bagxile esenzweni kunokufaka idatha.
Izicelo Ezingokoqobo: Amamojuli Amakhamera Avikela Kanjani Izimpophoma Zasolwandle
Kusukela ezimpophomeni zasolwandle ezishisayo ezingashonile kuya ezindaweni ezijulile zasolwandle, amamojuli amakhamera ayasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ukubhekana nezinselelo ezahlukahlukene zokongiwa kwemvelo. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezintathu ezibalulekile:
1. I-Great Barrier Reef: Isixwayiso Sangaphambi Kwesikhathi Sokubola Kwemibala Kwangempela
I-Great Barrier Reef (GBR), uhlelo olukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni lwezimpophoma zamakhorali, seluke lwaba nezehlakalo ezinhlanu ezinkulu zokubuna kwemibala kusukela ngo-2016. Ukubhekana nalokhu, i-Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) isihlakaze inethiwekhi yamamojuli ekhamera angaphezu kwe-100—ebizwa ngokuthi "ReefSnap"—kulo lonke i-GBR. Lamamojuli athwebula izithombe zansuku zonke zokumbozwa kwezimpophoma futhi ahambisana nezinzwa zokushisa nokukhanya. Idatha idluliselwa esikhungweni samafu, lapho izibalo ze-AI zihlaziya izithombe ukuze kutholwe izimpawu zokubuna kwemibala. Uma kutholwa isehlakalo sokubuna kwemibala, i-AIMS yazisa abaphathi bepaki, abangasakwazi ukuthumela amaqembu asheshayo ukuthi ahlole umonakalo futhi enze izinyathelo zokuvikela—njengokuvimbela ukuhamba kwezikebhe ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola.
Ngo-2022, iReefSnap yathola umcimbi wokubola kwemibala enyakatho ye-GBR amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuba izinhlolovo zakudala zikwazi. Lesi sixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sivumele abacwaningi ukuba bafunde umcimbi ezigabeni zawo zokuqala, bathole ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuthi izilwane zasolwandle ezibizwa ngama-coral zisabela kanjani ekucindezelekeni okushisayo—futhi kungenzeka zilondoloze izinkulungwane zama-coral ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokongiwa ezihloswe ngqo.
2. Amareef aseMesophotic: Ukuhlola i-"Twilight Zone" yezimvelo zama-coral
Ama-reef ase-mesophotic, atholakala amamitha angu-30–150 ngaphansi kobuso, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "indawo yokuhlwa" yamanzi - ajulile kakhulu ukuthi ilanga lingakwazi ukondla ama-coral asemanzini aphansi kodwa namanje iyikhaya lezinhlobo ezihlukile zama-coral nezilwane zasolwandle. Lezi zindawo zama-reef kukholakala ukuthi ziyizindawo zokukhosela ama-coral asemanzini aphansi ngesikhathi sokufudumala, kodwa ukungafinyeleleki kwazo kuye kwenza ukuthi zingaqondakali kahle. Kodwa-ke, amamojula ekhamera afakwe ezithuthwini ezilawulwa kude (ROVs) nezithuthwini zasolwandle ezizimele (AUVs) ayashintsha lokhu.
Ngo-2021, ithimba labacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseHawaii lasebenzisa amamojuli ekhamera afakwe ku-ROV ukuhlola ama-reef ase-mesophotic ngase-Oahu. Amamojuli athwebule izithombe ezinencazelo ephezulu zezinhlobo zamakhorali ezingakaze zibhaliswe esifundeni, okubandakanya uhlobo oluyivelakancane lwekhhorali olunamagatsha olumelana nokubuna. Idatha evela kulezi mamojuli isiza abacwaningi ekwazini ukwenza imephu yokusabalala kwama-reef ase-mesophotic nokuhlola amandla awo njengomthombo wezingane zamakhorali zokubuyisela ama-reef asemanzini angajulile.
3. Community-Led Monitoring: Empowering Local Stewardship
Amamojuli ekhamera awagcini nje ezikhungweni ezinkulu zocwaningo; aphinde anike amandla imiphakathi yasendaweni ukuba izibambele mathupha ekulondolozweni kwemifula ye-coral. EPhilippines, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo ebizwa nge-"Reef Check Philippines" isabalalise amamojuli ekhamera angabizi, asebenziseka kalula emiphakathini esogwini. Abadobi bendawo, abaqeqeshelwe ukufaka nokugcina amamojuli, bathwebula izithombe zemifula ye-coral eseduze bese beyilayisha kuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula. I-AI algorithms bese ihlaziya izithombe ukuze yenze imibiko elula mayelana nokumbozwa kwe-coral nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlanzi, okwabelwana nomphakathi kanye nohulumeni bendawo.
Le ndlela ehola umphakathi inezinzuzo eziningana: inciphisa izindleko zokuqapha, yandisa ukumbozwa kwedatha endaweni, futhi inika amandla izakhamuzi zasekhaya ukuthi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuphathwa kwezindunduma—njengokumisa izindawo ezingavunyelwe ukudoba ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo ezilimele. Kusukela ngo-2019, lolu hlelo luqeqeshe amalungu omphakathi angaphezu kuka-500, luqaphe izindawo zezindunduma ezingaphezu kuka-100, futhi lwenza kwaba lula ukusungulwa kwezindawo ezintsha eziyi-15 ezivikelwe ulwandle.
Izinselele kanye nekusasa lokuqapha izindunduma kusetshenziswa amakhamera
Nakuba amamojuli ekhamera eshintshe kakhulu indlela yokuqapha imiqhele yemifula, kusekhona izinselele eziningana. Enye yezinkulu kakhulu yizindleko: amamojuli athuthukile anezinzwa ezihlanganisiwe namakhono e-AI angabiza izinkulungwane zamadola, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amazwe amaningi asathuthuka akwazi ukuzithenga—lapho kutholakala khona imiqhele yemifula esengozini kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyashintsha njengoba kuvela ezinye izindlela ezingabizi. Ngokwesibonelo, amamojuli ekhamera asekelwe ku-Raspberry Pi—ebiza ngaphansi kwama- $200—ayenziwa ukuthi asetshenziswe ngaphansi kwamanzi, okwenza ukuqapha kufinyeleleke kalula.
Esinye isinqala ukulawulwa kwedatha. Amamojuli ekhamera akhiqiza idatha eningi kakhulu, okungaba nzima ukuyigcina, ukuyicubungula, nokuyihlanganyela. Ukubhekana nalokhu, abacwaningi bayathuthukisa izinkundla ezisekelwe emafini—njenge-ReefCloud ye-AIMS—ezivumela ukugcinwa kwedatha endaweni eyodwa, ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sangempela, nokubambisana komhlaba wonke. Lezi zinkundla zivumela abacwaningi, abavikeli bemvelo, kanye nohulumeni ukuthi bahlanganyele idatha futhi babambisane emhlabeni wonke ukuze bavikele imifula yamanzi.
Sibheke phambili, njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, amamojuli ekhamera azoba namandla nakakhulu. Singalindela ukubona:
• Amamojuli amancane, azimele: Amamojuli amancane, asebenzisa ibhethri angasetshenziswa ngenani elikhulu (njenge-"amatshe ahlakaniphile") ukuze aqaphe izinhlelo zonke zamaripha.
• Amamodeli e-AI athuthukile: Ama-algorithm angabikezela imiphumela yempilo yamaripha (isibonelo, ukuthi iziphi izimfudu ezizokwazi ukusinda ekubeni zibe mhlophe) ngokusekelwe kudatha yomlando kanye nokufundwa kwezinzwa zesikhathi sangempela.
• Ukuhlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe obunye: Amamojuli ekhamera ahambisana nezindiza ezingenamuntu (ezokuhlola izindawo ezijulile zamarokhethi) nokulandelana kwe-DNA (ukukhomba imiphakathi yamagciwane esekela impilo yamaxhaka) ukuhlinzeka ngombono ophelele wezindawo zemaxhaka.
Isiphetho: Amamojuli Ekhamera Njengesiqalo Sethemba
Izilwandle zamakhorali zibhekene nenkinga enkulu, kodwa amamojuli ekhamera ahlinzeka ngesisetshenziswa esinamandla sokuguqula isimo. Ngokuhlinzeka ngedatha enencazelo ephezulu, yesikhathi sangempela ngempilo yezilwandle zamakhorali, la madivayisi aguqula ukuqonda nokuvikelwa kwalezi zimvelo ezibalulekile. Kusukela ezinhlelweni zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ngezigameko zokubuna kombala, kuye ezinhlelweni zokuqapha eziholwa umphakathi, amamojuli ekhamera enza ukulondolozwa kwezilwandle kube ngempumelelo kakhudlwana, kufinyeleleke kalula, futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu.
Nokho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bodwa abwanele. Ukusindisa izimpophoma zasolwandle, kufanele sihlanganise ukuqapha okusekelwe amakhamera nezenzo eziphuthumayo zokubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zokwehla kwezimpophoma: ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi elibangela ukufudumala komhlaba, ukulawula ukungcola, nokuvikela izindawo zasolwandle. Amamojuli amakhamera angasitshela ukuthi kwenzakalani ezimpophomeni nokuthi kungani, kodwa kusezandleni zethu ukuthatha isinyathelo.
Njengoba siqhubeka nokwenza ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha obusekelwe amakhamera busebenze kangcono futhi buqiniswe, sinokubonga. Ngamathuluzi afanele, idatha, kanye nokubambisana komhlaba wonke, singavikela izimpophoma zasolwandle ezizukulwaneni ezizayo—siqinisekise ukuthi lezi "zihlahla zemvula zasolwandle" ziyaqhubeka nokusekela ukuhlukahluka kwezilwandle kanye nokuphila kwabantu iminyaka ezayo.
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