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Amamojula eKhamera kuMsebenzi Wokuhlola Okwamanzi: Ukuvula Izimfihlo Eziphansi Ngezithombe Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu
Kwadalwa ngo 01.05
Ulwandle lumboza ngaphezu kuka-70% womhlaba wethu, lufihle izinto eziningi zomphakathi wabantu ngaphansi kwamagagasi alo—imikhumbi yasendulo, amadolobha angenhla kwamanzi, nezinto ezingcwele eziphethe ukhiye wokuqonda umlando wethu. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, abavubukuli bangaphansi kwamanzi bebhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu ekubhaliseni nasekulondolozweni lezi zinto eziyigugu, kusukela ebumnyameni obuphelele namanzi angacacile kuya kucindezelo olukhulu nokubonakala okulinganiselwe. Namuhla, nokho, okuthuthukisiwe.amamojuli ekhamera ayaguqula umkhakha, ephendula ukuhlola okwakukade kungenzeki kube ohambweni olunembayo, olunemininingwane eminingi. Lesi sihloko sihlupha ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe besimanje bekhamera buguqula kanjani ubudala bezinto zasemanzini, izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile ezishukumisa inqubekela phambili, izindaba zempumelelo zemikhankaso yangempela, nokuthi ikusasa libe yini kule ndawo ethakazelisayo yesayensi nobunjiniyela.
Izinselelo Eziyingqayizivele Zokuthwebula Izinto Zasolwandle Zobudala
Ngaphambi kokuhlola indima yamamojuli ekhamera, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo ezinzima ezenza ubudala bezinto zasemanzini kube yimpumelelo yobuchwepheshe. Ngokungafani nobuciko bomhlaba, lapho ukukhanya nokubonakala kuvame ukuthathwa kalula, izindawo zasemanzini zethula isiphepho esiphelele sezithiyo zokuthwebula:
• Ukuncipha kokukhanya: Ilanga liba buthakathaka ngokushesha njengoba ukujula kwanda—ukukhanya okubomvu kunyamalala kungakapheli amamitha okuqala angu-10, futhi ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-100, ulwandle lube yindawo emnyama kakhulu. Lokhu ukuntuleka kokukhanya kwemvelo kwenza kube cishe kungenzeki ukuthwebula izithombe ezicacile, ezibonisa imibala yangempela ngaphandle kokukhanyisa okukhethekile.
• Ukungcola kwamanzi: Imfucumfucu, i-plankton, nemfucumfucu yemvelo emanzini zichitha ukukhanya, zidale umphumela wobubhakabhaka obusula imininingwane. Noma ukunyakaza okuncane okuvela kubhukuda noma izinto zokusebenza kungakwazi ukugcobisa imfucumfucu, kubhubhise amahora omsebenzi.
• Ingcindezi enkulu: Njalo kumamitha angu-10 ukujula, ingcindezi yanda nge-1 i-atmosphere. Ngokujula kwamamitha angu-500 (okuvamile kwezinto zasolwandle ezindala), ingcindezi ingafinyelela izikhathi ezingu-50 zengcindezi engaphezulu—kwanele ukuchoboza izinto zekhamera ezingavikelekile.
• Ukuhamba Okulinganiselwe: Abagibeli kanye nezimoto ezilawulwa kude (ROVs) banomkhawulo wokuhamba kanye nokushesha ngaphansi kwamanzi, okwenza kube nzima ukuthatha izithombe eziphelele zezindawo ezinkulu (isib. imikhumbi egubhe amanzi noma amadolobha) ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinhlelo zekhamera ezicacile, ezincane.
Ekuqaleni, ososayensi bezinto zakudala ngaphansi kwamanzi babebheka amakhamera amakhulu, anokulungiswa okuphansi ayengakwazi ukubhekana nalezi zinselelo. Izithombe zazivame ukuba namazinyo, zishintshe umbala, noma zingaphelele, ziphoqa abacwaningi ukuthi baqagele imininingwane yezinto zakudala kanye nokwakheka kwezindawo. Namuhla, amamojuli ekhamera enziwe ngendlela eyenzelwe ukubhekana nalezi zithiyo—ashintsha indlela yokuhlola ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Iziqalo Eziyinhloko Kumamojuli Ekhamera Ezindabeni Zokwakwakheka Kwamanzi Ngaphansi Kolwandle
I-Modern camera modules eklanyelwe ukwakwakheka kwamanzi ngaphansi kolwandle imiphumela yeminyaka yokuqala kwezobuchwepheshe bokuthwebula, isayensi yezinto, kanye nobunjiniyela. Ngezansi kunezinguquko ezithinte kakhulu ezenze lezi zimojuli zaba amathuluzi abalulekile ezimvuselelweni:
1. Izinzwa Eziphakeme Kakhulu Ezinekhono Lokusebenza Ekukhanyeni Okuncane
Inhliziyo yanoma iyiphi ikhamera imoduli yayo inzwa yesithombe, futhi izimpumelelo zakamuva kubuchwepheshe bezinzwa kube yinguquko ekubonisweni kwamanzi. Imoduli zanamuhla zinezinzwa ze-CMOS ezinama-megapixel amaningi (ngokuvamile i-20MP noma ngaphezulu) ezithwebula imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi—kusukela ekubazeni esiqwini sobumba sasendulo kuya ezikrudini ezihlalweni zomkhumbi wekhulu le-17. Okubaluleke kakhulu, lezi zinzi zilungiselelwe izimo zokukhanya okuphansi, nezinzwa ezinkulu zezithombe kanye nezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokunciphisa umsindo ezinciphisa ukugqama ngisho nasebumnyameni obuphelele.
Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amamojula asezingeni eliphezulu asebenzisa izinzwa ezikhanyiswa ngemuva (BSI), eziguqula umklamo ovamile wenzwa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukuthi kufinyelele kuma-photodiodes. Lobu buchwepheshe buthuthukisa ukuzwela ekukhanyeni ngamaphesenti angu-30 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzwa ezivamile, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthatha izithombe ezicacile ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-200 noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukukhanya okungokwenziwa okuningi (okungalimaza izinto ezibucayi).
2. Izindlu Eziqinile, Ezimelana Nokucindezela
Ukuze zimelane nokucindezela okukhulu kwamanzi, amamojuli ekhamera kumele afakwe ezindlini eziqinile ezenziwe ngezinto eziqinile njenge-titanium noma i-aluminium eqiniswe. Lezi zindlu azisho ukuthi "azingeni manzi" kuphela - zilinganiswe ngokucindezela ukuze zimelane namajubane afinyelela kumamitha angu-6,000 (isikhundla esijulile solwandle olujulile) isikhathi eside.
Onjiniyela basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokubopha, njengama-o-ring gaskets nemithungo eboshwe nge-laser, ukuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi. Amanye amamojula aphinde abe nezinhlelo zokukhokhelwa kwengcindezi ezilinganisa ingcindezi yangaphakathi nangaphandle, kunciphisa ingcindezi ku-enclosure nenzwa. Lo mklamo oqinile uqinisekisa ukuthi amamojula ekhamera angasebenza ngokuthembekile ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu zolwandle olujulile, kusuka emanzini abandayo e-Arctic kuya emanzini afudumele, anobuthi ezindaweni ezishisayo.
3. Amakhono Okuthwebula Izithombe Eziningi Zokukhanya (Multispectral Imaging Capabilities)
Enye yezinto ezintsha ezijabulisa kakhulu kumamojuli ekhamera angaphansi kwamanzi ukuthwebula izithombe eziningi zokukhanya—ikhono lokuthwebula ukukhanya kumagagasi amaningi (ngaphezu kokukhanya okubonakalayo) ukuze kudalulwe imininingwane efihliwe. Ezintweni zakudala ezingaphansi kwamanzi, leli khono liyashintsha imidlalo: lingathola imikhondo yezinto eziphilayo (isib. ukhuni, indwangu) ezibunile noma ezibunile, libonise izinhlobo ezahlukene zamatshe noma insimbi ezintweni zobuciko, futhi lingaze lidalele imibhalo ebonakala ngamehlo.
Ngokwesibonelo, izinzwa eziseduze ne-infrared (NIR) ne-ultraviolet (UV) zingangena emanzini nasemanzini ukukhombisa umugqa wesakhiwo esingcwatshwe ngaphansi kwamamitha esihlabathi. Ukuthwebula izithombe ze-hyperspectral—ezithwebula amabhendi amaningi ombala omkhawulo—kungakwazi ngisho nokwehlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zokuhlobisa noma izinsimbi, kusiza abavubukuli ukulandelela imvelaphi yezinto zakudala.
4. Imiklamo Emifushane, Ehambisana ne-ROV
Izinhloli eziningi zamanzi zasendulo zanamuhla zisebenzisa ama-ROV (izimoto ezilawulwa kude) ukuhlola ubujamo obuyingozi kakhulu kubashiyi. Amamojuli ekhamera enzelwe ama-ROV ayancipha, alula, futhi kulula ukuwahlanganisa nezinhlelo zokuzulazula nokulawula imoto. Zivame ukuba nesici se-pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ), okuvumela abacwaningi abasebusweni ukuthi balungise kude i-angle nekugxilisa kwekhamera ukuze bathwebule izithombe eziqondile zezinto ezitholakele noma izici zesayithi.
Amanye amamojuli ekhamera afakwe ku-ROV nawo afaka amakhono okuthwebula izithombe ze-3D, asebenzisa amakhamera e-stereo noma i-LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) ukudala amamodeli anemininingwane ye-3D ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi. La mamodeli avumela ososayensi bezinto zakudala ukuthi bafunde indawo endaweni ebonakalayo, bafake izilinganiso phakathi kwezinto ezitholakele, futhi bahlele amasu okumba ngaphandle kokuphazamisa indawo uqobo—inzuzo ebalulekile yokugcina izinto ezibalulekile ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezibuthakathaka.
5. Ukudluliswa Kwemininingwane Ngaphandle Kwentambo
Ekuqaleni, ukuthola izithombe kumakhamera angaphansi kwamanzi kwakudingeka kukhishwe imishini uqobo—inqubo eyayithatha isikhathi futhi inobungozi. Namuhla, amamojula amakhamera anezobuchwepheshe bokudlulisa idatha ngaphandle kwezintambo (njengama-acoustic modem noma izinhlelo zokuxhumana nge-optical) avumela abacwaningi ukuthi bathumele izithombe nevidiyo phezulu ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokonga isikhathi kodwa futhi kuvumela ukwenziwa kwezinqumo ngokushesha: uma ikhamera ithola into eyigugu kakhulu, abacwaningi bangalungisa ngokushesha indlela ye-ROV ukuze bahlole kabanzi, esikhundleni sokulinda kuze kuphele uhambo ukuze babuyekeze idatha.
Impumelelo Yangempela: Amamojula Ekhamera Esikhundleni
Umthelela walezi zinhlelo zekhamera ezithuthukisiwe awuqondile - sezidlale indima ebalulekile emikhankasweni eminingi ebalulekile yezinto zasemanzini eminyakeni yamuva nje. Nansi imizekelo emibili evelele:
1. Ukutholwa Komkhumbi Wegama Elithi Endurance (e-Antarctica)
Ngo-2022, iqembu lezazi zezinto zasemanzini nabahloli lenza izindaba zomhlaba wonke lapho lithola umkhumbi wegama elithi Endurance - umkhumbi wokuhlola waseBrithani owahamba ngonyaka we-1915 ngemuva kokubanjwa yiqhwa lolwandle. Umkhumbi wawusejula lika-3,008 amamitha kuLwandle iWeddell, lapho izinga lokushisa liba cishe -2°C futhi ingcindezi ingaphezu kokuphindwe kuka-300 kuneyomhlaba.
Ukuze kutholwe imininingwane ngomkhumbi obhunkayo, ithimba lasebenzisa ama-ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicles) ahlomele amamojuli ekhamera aphezulu, anezinzwa ze-BSI (Back-Side Illuminated) nezindawo ezivikela ingcindezi. Amamojuli athwebule izithombe ezinhle, ezicacile zomkhumbi i-Endurance, okubalwa kuwo umkhumbi wawo osemqoka, izinto zethusi, kanye negama lomkhumbi elipendwe ngemuva. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwamakhamera ekukhanyeni okuphansi, ithimba lakwazi ukuthola imininingwane ngomkhumbi obhunkayo ngaphandle kokulimaza ngokukhanya okunamandla. Izithombe zembule ukuthi i-Endurance yayisesimweni esihle kakhulu, zinikeza ukuqonda okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kubuchwepheshe bokuhlola izindawo ezibandayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
2. Idolobha Eligcwele Amanzi iHeracleion (eGibhithe)
I-Heracleion—idolobha lasendulo laseGibhithe elingene olwandle iMediterranean eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-1,200 eyedlule—beliyindawo yezimvuselelo zokwakwakheka kwamanzi ngaphansi kolwandle kusukela kwatholwa kabusha ngo-2000. Indawo, etholakala ngaphandle kolwandle lwase-Alexandria, imbozwe umhlabathi futhi inokubonakala okubuthakathaka, okwenza ukuthwebula kube inselele enkulu.
Eziqulunqwini zakamuva, ososayensi basebenzise amamojuli ekhamera e-multispectral afakwe kuma-ROV ukuhlola indawo. Izinzwa ze-hyperspectral zamamojuli zembule imibhalo efihlekile ematheni amatshe futhi zathola izimpawu zezinto eziphilayo (njengokhuni nelinen) ezibolekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amakhono okuthwebula izithombe ze-3D amamojuli ekhamera aphinde avumela ithimba ukuthi lenze imodeli eyimfihlo enemininingwane yeHeracleion, okubandakanya izindawo zayo zokukhulekela, izigodlo, namachweba. Le modeli isisize abavubukuli ukuthi baqonde ukuthi idolobha lalihlelwe kanjani nokuthi lasebenza kanjani njengesikhungo esikhulu sezohwebo emhlabeni wasendulo.
Izinselele Nekusasa Lobuchwepheshe Bekhamera Engaphansi Kolwandle
Nakuba amamojula ekhamera esesimweni samanje esenze ushintsho olukhulu kwezokwakheka komhlaba ngaphansi kwamanzi, kusenezinselelo okufanele zinqotshwe. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu yisikhathi sebhethri: amamojula ekhamera angaphansi kwamanzi amaningi athembele kumabhethri angakhokhiswa kabusha, okunciphisa isikhathi angasebenza ngaso ekujuleni. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezithatha isikhathi eside, lapho ukushintsha amabhethri kunzima futhi kuthatha isikhathi esiningi.
Elinye inselelo yindleko: amamojuli ekhamera athuthukile anezici zokuthwebula izithombe eziningi noma ezithathu-ezintathu zingabiza izinkulungwane zamadola, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amaqembu amancane ocwaningo noma amazwe asathuthuka akwazi ukuzithenga. Lokhu kukhawula ukufinyeleleka kobuchwepheshe futhi kucishise isivinini sokuhlola amagugu angaphansi kwamanzi kwezinye izifunda.
Nokho, ngokubheka esikhathini esizayo, kunezinto ezikhuthazayo ezithuthukayo. Onjiniyela basebenza kumamojuli ekhamera asebenzisa amandla elanga angakwazi ukuqoqa ukukhanya kusuka ebusweni (ngisho nasemanzini ajulile) ukuze sandise impilo yebhethri. Kukhona futhi ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lokunciphisa amamojuli ekhamera, ukwenza wona abe mancane futhi afinyeleleke kakhudlwana ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko ku-AI nokufunda komshini iyahlanganiswa ezinhlelweni zekhamera, ezivumela ukuthi zikwazi ukukhomba ngokuzenzakalelayo izinto ezingajwayelekile nezici zesayithi—kwandisa ukuhlaziywa kwedatha futhi kunciphise umthwalo wemisebenzi kubacwaningi.
Enye into ethokozisayo ukusetshenziswa kwe-swarm robotics—amabutho ezimoto ezincane, ezizihambelayo ngaphansi kwamanzi (AUVs) ezihlome ngamamojula ekhamera acindezelwe. Lezi zinhlaka zingakwazi ukumboza ngokushesha izindawo ezinkulu zolwandle, zithwebula izithombe ezinencazelo ephezulu zezindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kusuka ema-engilini amaningi. Lobu buchwepheshe bungaba nethuba lokuguqula izindlu ezinkulu ezingaphansi kwamanzi, kwenze kube nokwenzeka ukuhlola izindawo ezinkulu ezake zazinzima ukufinyelela.
Ukukhetha Imoduli Lekhamera Elilungile ye-Archaeology Engaphansi Kwamanzi
Ososayensi bezinto zakudala abahlela uhambo ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukukhetha imojuli yekhamera efanele kuncike ezintweni ezibalulekile ezimbalwa: ukujula, ukubonakala, usayizi wendawo, kanye nemigomo yocwaningo. Nansi eminye imininingwane ebalulekile:
• Isilinganiso Sokujula: Qinisekisa ukuthi indawo yokubeka imodyuli yekhamera inesilinganiso sokujula okuphezulu kohambo. Ezindaweni zamanzi angajulile (0-50 amamitha), indawo yokubeka engenamanzi ingase yanele, kodwa ezohambo olujulile lolwandle (ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1,000), indawo yokubeka i-titanium enesinxephezelo sokucindezela ibalulekile.
• Ukusebenza Kwesibani Esiphansi: Uma uhambo lwenzeka emanzini ajulile noma ezimweni ezimnyama, phambili imodyuli enenzwa ye-BSI nokunciphisa umsindo okuthuthukisiwe.
• Amakhono Okuthwebula Izithombe: Ezindaweni ezinemibhalo efihliwe noma izinto eziphilayo, imodyuli yekhamera ye-multispectral noma ye-hyperspectral ilungele kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezinkulu, khetha imodyuli enamakhono okuthwebula izithombe ze-3D noma i-LiDAR ukudala amamodeli aphelele ezindawo.
• Ukuhambisana: Uma usebenzisa ama-ROV noma ama-AUV, qiniseka ukuthi imojuli yekhamera ihambisana nezinhlelo zokuzulazula nokulawula imoto. Bheka amamojuli anesici se-PTZ sokusebenza kude.
• Impilo yebhethri kanye Nokudluliswa Kwemininingwane: Ezinhlelweni ezihlala isikhathi eside, khetha imojuli enempilo yebhethri ende noma amakhono okudluliswa kwemininingwane ngaphandle kwentambo ukuze ugweme ukubuyisa imishini njalo.
Isiphetho: Amamojuli Ekhamera Njengesango Ekuqhelile
Ukuvubukula ngaphansi kwamanzi kuyisizinda esisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuvula izimfihlo zesikhathi sethu esidlule—futhi amamojula ekhamera athuthukile asesikhundleni salo mphumela. Kusukela kuzinzwa ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu ezithwebula imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto zakudala kuya ekubonisweni kwezithombe eziningi ezembula imibhalo efihliwe, la mamojula anqobe izinselele ezinzima zemvelo engaphansi kwamanzi ukuze anikeze abavubukuli ukufinyelela okungakaze kubonwe ezimpucukweni ezintshone.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, amamojula ekhamera azoba namandla kakhulu, athengeke, futhi afinyeleleke—avule imingcele emisha yokuhlola ngaphansi kwamanzi. Noma ngabe ukuthola umkhumbi wokulwa owalahleka kudala e-Arctic noma ukwenza imephu yedolobha lasendulo ngaphansi kweMediterranean, lezi zinsiza zisiza ukuthi sihlanganise indaba yomlando womuntu, isithombe esisodwa ngesikhathi.
Kubacwaningi, abagcini bokuvikeleka, nabathanda umlando ngokufanayo, ikusasa lezinto zasemanzini libukeka lihle - ngenxa yezinhlelo zekhamera ezintsha eziphendula izindaba ezijulile zasolwandle zibe yisivulwa.
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