isiZulu
Ukukhula Kwamakhamera e-Quantum Dot Ezinsizeni Zokusebenza Zabathengi: Ukuchaza Kabusha Ukuthwebula Izithombe Kubantu Abaningi
Kwadalwa ngo 2025.12.29
Isingeniso: Ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yokuthwebula okujwayelekile
Njalo uma uthatha isithombe nge-smartphone yakho endaweni enokukhanya okuphansi noma uzama ukubamba imininingwane ezimweni zokufudumala, ubhekene nezithiyo ezisemqoka ze-CMOS image sensors—okwakhiwa kwamakhamera abathengi besimanje. Kwesikhathi eside, ama-sensors akhiwe ngensimbi ye-silicon abebusa emakethe, kodwa awanelisi ezindaweni ezintathu ezibalulekile: ukuphendula okuncane kwe-spectral (ukwehluleka ukubona ukukhanya kwe-infrared), ukusebenza okuphansi kokukhanya, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu zezici advanced ezifana nokubona ebusuku. Ngena kuma-khamera e-quantum dot (QD): ukuhamba phambili kwe-nanotechnology okungathuthukisi kuphela ikhwalithi yesithombe, kodwa futhi kuveza ukufinyelela kumakhono okuthwebula izithombe okuphakeme kumadivayisi ajwayelekile.
Njengoba iNobel Prize ka-2023 kuKimistry ibonile ukutholwa kwe-quantum dots, ubuchwepheshe bukhuphukile ukusuka ezinkundleni zokuhlola kuya ezitolo ze-elektroniki zabathengi. Namuhla, amaj giants afana ne-Apple, i-Samsung, kanye ne-STMicroelectronics, kanye nezinguquko ezifana ne-Emberion ne-imec, baphokophele ukuhweba ama-QD sensors anikeza ukulungiswa kokubona okwenziwe, ibanga elibanzi lokusebenza, kanye nemiklamo engenamakhanda—konke lokhu ngentengo encane uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe ze-infrared ezijwayelekile. Le ndatshana ihlola ukuthi ama-quantum dot izithombe zishintsha kanjani ukubonwa kwabathengi, ukuthuthuka okubalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe okuhamba phambili, nokuthi ikusasa lithi yini kulolu buchwepheshe obuguqulayo.
Yini Ama-Quantum Dot Cameras, futhi Zisebenza Kanjani?
I-Quantum dots yizicubu ze-semiconductor ezincane (2–20 nanometers ububanzi) ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile ze-“quantum confinement”: amandla azo e-bandgap alungiswa ngosayizi, avumela ukulungiswa okunembile kwezakhiwo ezithathwayo noma ezikhishwayo. Ngokwehlukile kuma-sensors e-silicon CMOS, athola kuphela izikhala ezincane ezingaphansi kuka-1 micron, ama-QD sensors angaklanywa ukuze abambe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-infrared ye-shortwave (SWIR), noma ngisho ne-infrared ye-midwave (MWIR) ngokushintsha usayizi we-quantum dot—ama-dots amancane aphendula ezikhala ezincane (blue), kanti ama-dots amakhulu ahloselwe izikhala ezinde (infrared).
I-architecture ye-QD image sensors ifana ne-backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS sensors kodwa ibeka i-silicon endaweni ye-thin QD film ephrintiwe noma e-spin-coated kwi-readout integrated circuit (ROIC). Le design ikhipha imetal contacts evimbela ukukhanya ye-front-illuminated CMOS sensors, ikhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokumunca ukukhanya. Okubalulekile, ama-QD sensors awadingi inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-“hybridization” esetshenziswa kumakhamera e-infrared ajwayelekile, lapho ama-detector arrays ahlukanisiwe axhunywa kumacircuit e-CMOS ngama-indium pillars. Esikhundleni salokho, ama-quantum dots asetshenziswa njenge-ink esekelwe esixazululweni, avumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-wafer-level nokwehlisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngaphezu kwama-70%.
3 Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zokuhweba KwezeMidlalo
1. Ukubona Okulungiswayo: Ngaphezu Kokukhanya Okubonakalayo
Inzuzo enkulu ye-QD cameras ukuthi zikwazi “ukubona” ngaphezu kwamehlo abantu. I-SWIR imaging, eyayigcinwe kuphela ezinhlelweni zempi nezimboni, manje ingahlanganiswa nama-smartphone, ama-AR/VR headsets, kanye nezinsiza ezigqokekayo. Ukukhanya kwe-SWIR kungena emoyeni, emanzini, nasezindaweni ezithile, kuvumela izici ezifana nalezi:
• Ukuhamba okungathinteki emoyeni kwe-drones nama-smartphone
• Ukuqinisekiswa kobuso okuphephile okusebenza ebumnyameni noma ekuphazamisekeni okuphansi
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto (isb. ukuthola izinto eziphindaphindiwe noma iziphuzo)
Isibonelo, i-Imec’s 2024 lead-free QD sensor prototype, ihlinzeka ngokuqopha kwe-1390nm SWIR okuhlinzekwa ngokuqinile, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekuhloleni amehlo kumakhanda e-VR nasekuqinisekiseni ubunikazi. Ngokungafani nezinsiza ze-InGaAs ezinkulu, ezibizayo, ama-module e-SWIR asekelwe ku-QD ancane ngokwanele ukuze afaneleke kumadizayini we-smartphone anomumo omncane.
2. Ikhwalithi Yesithombe Ephakeme Ngentengo Ephansi
Ama-quantum dots athatha ukukhanya ngama-100 times kahle kakhulu kune-silicon, avumela izinzwa ezincane ezine-dynamic range ebanzi—okukhuluma ukuthi ziphatha ukukhanya okukhulu (isb. izulu elikhanyayo) nokukhanya okuphansi (isb. izindawo zokudlela) ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa imininingwane. Ucwaningo lweShenzhen Technology University luthole ukuthi ama-hybrid-size QD hole transport layers anciphisa ubukhulu bokukhanya okumnyama ngaphezu kwama-50% futhi akhuphule ukusebenza kwe-quantum ngaphandle (EQE) kube ngu-65%, kuholele ezithombeni ezicacile, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Kubathengi, lokhu kuhunyushwa kube yizithombe ezithathwe ngama-smartphone ezithola imiphumela engcono kunezithombe ze-DSLR ezimeni ezinzima. Kubakhiqizi, ama-QD sensors ahlinzeka ngentengo efanayo nezinsiza ze-CMOS ezisezingeni eliphezulu kodwa ngokusebenza okungcono. Ukuqhamuka kwe-Emberion ngo-2024 kwehla izindleko zama-SWIR QD sensors zibe ngu-€50, kuholela ekwamukelweni kwemakethe enkulu ngonyaka ka-2025.
3. Ukuqamba Okungenamakhanda: Ukuthwebula Okusimeme
Izizukulwane zokuqala ze-quantum dots zaxhomeka ku-lead enobuthi (isb. PbS) ukuze zifeze ubuhlakani be-infrared, okukhuphule ukukhathazeka ngempilo yomphakathi. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwamuva kusebenze ukususa i-lead ngaphandle kokuphula ukusebenza. I-prototype ye-QD photodiode ye-Imec esekelwe ku-InAs, eyethulwe emhlanganweni we-2024 IEEE IEDM, iletha imifanekiso ye-SWIR enezinsuku ezingu-300+ zokuzinza komoya—ikhombisa ukuthi ama-sensor e-QD angama-eco-friendly asezingeni lokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuhambisana nezidingo zabathengi zokusebenza kwe-elektroniki okuqhubekayo kanye nezitayela zokulawula ezivimbela izinsimbi ezinzima kumadivayisi.
Ubani Ohola Uguquko LweKhamera yeQuantum Dot?
Umjaho wokubusa ukuthwebula izithombe ze-QD uyashisa, unokuhlanganiswa kwezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinkampani ezisanda kuqala, zikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obusha:
• I-Apple: Ithole i-InVisage Technologies ngo-2017 ukuze ihlanganise ama-sensors e-QD kuma-iPhones nama-iPads, igxile ekukhishweni kwemishini ngo-2025.
• I-STMicroelectronics: Ikhombise i-1.62μm pixel QD global shutter sensor ngo-2021, manje ikhiqizwa ngobuningi kumawafers angu-12-inch ukuze kube nezinsiza ezibiza kancane.
• I-Emberion: Izinhloso zokukhulula i-QD sensor yokuqala ye-SWIR engu-€50 ngo-2025, igxile kumafoni, ama-drone, kanye nezing glasses ze-AR.
• I-Imec & ams OSRAM: Bakhulumisana ukuze bakhuphule ama-QD sensors angena-lead ukuze kube nokuhlonza ubuso kanye nokuhamba okuzenzakalelayo.
Idatha ye-patent ibonisa le msebenzi: izicelo ze-patent ze-QD photoelectric sensor emhlabeni jikelele zidlula u-1,600, kanti i-Apple, i-Fujifilm, kanye ne-Samsung zihola phambili. I-China iyinhlangano ephezulu yokufaka izicelo (444), okukhombisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqinile kule teknoloji.
Izicelo Zangempela Ziguqula Ubuchwepheshe Bezinsiza
Amakhamera e-quantum dot asevele edlula kumafoni abe nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-electronics zabathengi:
• Ama-smartphone: Imodeli eziphezulu ze-2025 ezivela ku-Samsung nase-Apple zizoba ne-QD SWIR sensors zokubona ebusuku, ukuthola izinto, nokuthuthukisa imodi ye-portrait.
• Ama-AR/VR Headsets: Ama-SWIR QD sensors avumela ukulandelela kahle amehlo nokwaziswa kwezitho, kuthuthukisa ukungena ngaphakathi ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
• Izinsiza ezigqokekayo: Ama-fitness trackers ane-QD sensors angakwazi ukulandelela amazinga okukhanya kwegazi nge-infrared imaging, ngaphandle kwezinsiza ezinkulu.
• Ama-Drones: Ama-QD cameras e-SWIR aphansi kwentengo avumela ama-drones abathandi ukuba ahambe emoyeni noma ebumnyameni—okwakungakwenziwa kuphela ngezinsiza ezisezingeni lezimboni.
Izinselelo Nezindlela Ezizayo
Naphezu kokuthuthuka okusheshayo, amakhamera e-QD abhekene nezithiyo ezimbili ezibalulekile:
1. Ukuqina: Ama-quantum dots ayathambekela ekuphazamisekeni, okwehlisa ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abacwaningi bayabhekana nalokhu ngokuthuthukisa ukufakwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-ligand.
2. Ukuvumelana: Ukukhiqiza ngobuningi amafilimu e-QD anokusebenza okufanayo kwe-pixel kuqhubeka kube inselelo, nakuba imiklamo ye-QD enobukhulu obuhlukahlukene (njengalezo ezivela eShenzhen Technology University) ithuthukisa ukuvumelana.
Bheka ku-2030, ikusasa likhanya. Ucwaningo lwemakethe lubikezela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezithombe ze-QD kuzokhula ngama-CAGR angama-45%, kufinyelele ku-$8.2 billion ngo-2028. Izimpawu ezibalulekile okufanele uzibheke:
• 2025: Izinsiza ze-QD ezingekho ne-lead kumafoni aphakathi (400–600 inani).
• 2027: Izithombe ze-QD eziphelele (ezibonakalayo + SWIR + MWIR) ezindwangu ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
• 2030: Ukuthwebula kwezithombe okwenziwa nge-quantum dot okuhlanganisa idatha ebonakalayo ne-infrared ukuze kutholakale “ukubona okungaphezu komuntu.”
Isiphetho: Ukuvuka Kwesikhathi Esisha Sokuthwebula Izithombe
Amakhamera e-Quantum dot awukwazanga nje ukuphuculwa okuncane—kuyashintsha indlela esibona ngayo imifanekiso yokusetshenziswa kwabathengi. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa ubungako bokukhanya, ikhwalithi yemifanekiso ephezulu, kanye nomklamo ohlangene nentengo efanele, ubuchwepheshe be-QD buvumela abantu abaningi ukufinyelela ezicini ezazigcinwe kuphela kumadivayisi ochwepheshe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthwebula ilanga lishona ekukhanyeni okuphansi, uhamba endleleni enezinkanyezi usebenzisa i-drone yakho, noma uvula ifoni yakho ngokuqonda ubuso, ama-quantum dots athulelayo ashintsha indlela esicabanga ngayo okungenzeka kumakhamera abathengi.
Njengoba izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe nezinkampani ezisanda kuqala ziqhubeka nokwakha, iminyaka emihlanu ezayo izobona amakhamera e-QD eba yisici esijwayelekile kumafoni, izinto zokugqoka, nezinsiza ze-AR/VR. Kubathengi, lokhu kusho izithombe ezingcono, izici ezithembekile, nezinto zikagesi eziluhlaza. Kubamabhizinisi, kuyithuba lokuhlukanisa imikhiqizo emakethe egcwele. Uguquko lwe-quantum dot lukhona—futhi luguqula indlela esibona ngayo umhlaba.
Uxhumane
Sicela uxhumane nathi uhambele
WhatsApp
WeChat