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Amamojuli Ekamela Ekubhekeni Ubumfihlo: Izinguquko, Izicelo, Nezindlela Zesikhathi Esizayo
Kwadalwa ngo 11.14
Esikhathini lapho ukuphepha komphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini, emadolobheni, nasezikhungweni zikamasipala emhlabeni jikelele, indima yobuchwepheshe ayikaze ibe ibaluleke kangaka. Phakathi kwezinsiza ezibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezokuphepha komphakathi wanamuhla kukhona amamojula wekhamera—izinto ezincane kodwa ezinamandla ezisebenza njenge "amehlo" ezinhlelweni zokubheka. Kusukela ekuvinjweni kobugebengu kuya ekusizeni ekuphenduleni ezimeni eziphuthumayo,amamojula ekhamera ekuqapheleni ukuphepha komphakathi sekuye kwathuthuka kakhulu ngaphezu kokuthwebula ividiyo okuyisisekelo. Le ndatshana ihlola izinto ezintsha zakamuva, izinhlelo ezibalulekile, nezitayela ezizayo ezakha lezi zinto ezibalulekile, ngenkathi igcizelela ukuthi ziqinisekisa kanjani izidingo zokuphepha kanye nobumfihlo bomsebenzisi.
1. Ukuvela Kwamamojula Wekhamera: Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kuya Ekuhloleni Okuhlakaniphile
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amakhamera okuphepha omphakathi abephekelelwa kumamojula anokuhluka okuphansi okwakhiqiza izithombe ezinamafutha, aphakathi kokusetshenziswa kosuku, futhi adinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwabantu. Namuhla, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe bezinzwa, izibuko, kanye ne-AI kushintshe lawa mamojula abe amathuluzi akhumbulayo, akwazi ukuzivumelanisa. Ake sibhale phansi izigaba ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwabo:
1.1 Ubuchwepheshe Be-Sensor: Isisekelo Sokucacile Kwevidiyo
Umgogodla wanoma iyiphi imodyuli yekhamera uwukuhlola kwesithombe, futhi ukuthuthukiswa lapha kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuvikelekeni komphakathi. Izinsiza ze-CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) ezijwayelekile, ezazivame ukuba yizindinganiso, sezikhishwe kakhulu zaba izinsiza ze-CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor). Izinsiza ze-CMOS zinikeza isixazululo esiphezulu (ukuze kube yi-4K nangaphezulu), izinga elisheshayo leframe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi—okubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuvikeleka komphakathi okungama-24/7. Isibonelo, imodyuli yekhamera esekelwe ku-CMOS ye-4K ingabamba imininingwane emincane efana nezibalo zamalebula ezimoto noma izici zobuso ngisho nase-50 metres kude, ikhono elingakaze lenzeke ngezinsiza ezindala.
Enye into ebalulekile yokwakha yisithuthukisi se-back-illuminated (BSI) CMOS sensors. Ngokwehlukana nezinsiza ezikhanyisiwe phambili, izinsiza ze-BSI zibeka ukuhlinzekwa ngemuva kwesendlalelo esithintekayo ukukhanya, okuvumela ukukhanya okuningi ukufinyelela esenzweni. Lokhu kwenza kube kuhle ezindaweni ezinemibala ephansi—njengama-parking lots, izindlela ezincane, noma emigwaqweni yedolobha ebusuku—lapho imodyuli ezivamile zingakhiqiza izithombe ezimnyama, ezingasetshenziswa. Izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlola ezisemadolobheni manje sebenzisa imodyuli ze-BSI CMOS ukuze zigcine ukujula ngisho nasekukhanyeni okuphansi, kunciphisa izindawo ezingenalwazi ekuphepheni komphakathi.
1.2 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI: Ukuguqula Izithombe zibe Imininingwane Engasetshenziswanga
Ukuphakama okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bemojula yekhamera ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha komphakathi kube ukuhlanganiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) kanye nokufunda ngomshini (ML). Imojula zanamuhla azigcini nje ngokurekhoda ividiyo—zihlaziya futhi ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze zithole izinkinga, zikhombe izinsongo, futhi ziqhube izaziso. Isibonelo, imojula yekhamera esebenzisa i-AI ingakwazi:
• Qaphela ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile (isb., ukuhamba-hamba eduze kwezinsiza ezibalulekile, izikhwama ezinganakekelwanga ezindaweni ezixhunywe kakhulu).
• Bala izixuku ukuvimbela ukujaha ezindaweni ezifana neziteshini zezimoto noma ezinkundleni zemidlalo.
• Hlangabezana nezindawo zokubheka (ngokuphepha okuqinile kwemfihlo) ukusiza ezimweni zokulahleka kwabantu noma ezophenyo lwezono.
Le shintsho ukusuka "ukurekhoda okungasebenzi" kuya "ekubhekeni okusebenzayo" kuthuthukisile kakhulu izikhathi zokuphendula. Emadolobheni afana neSingapore, ama-module wekhamera anokwenziwa kwe-AI ezikhungweni zokuhamba zomphakathi anciphise izikhathi zokuphendula ezimweni ngo-30%, njengoba izexwayiso zithunyelwa kumathimba ezokuphepha ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana yokuthola ingozi engaba khona.
2. Izici Eziyinhloko Zamamojula Wekhamera Zokuphepha Komphakathi
Ayikho yonke imodyuli yekhamera eyenzelwe ukuphepha komphakathi—futhi lezo ezikhona kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile zokuphatha izidingo ze-24/7, izimo ezinzima. Nansi eminye yemisebenzi engashintshwanga eyenza imodyuli yekhamera ifaneleke ekuhloleni ukuphepha komphakathi:
2.1 Ukumelana Nesimo Sezulu Nokuphila isikhathi eside
Izithombe zokuphepha zomphakathi zifakwe ngaphandle, zivele emanzini, eqandeni, ezishisayo kakhulu, futhi ngisho nasekuphuleni. Amamojula ezithombe kumele ahambisane nezinga le-IP (Ingress Protection) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina. Izinga le-IP elincane lamamojula okuphepha komphakathi angaphandle li-IP66, okusho ukuthi ziqinile emdustini futhi zivikelwe emanzini anamandla. Ezindaweni ezinzima—njengemikhakha yasogwini enamanzi amsalela noma izindawo zezimboni ezinekemikhakha—amamojula anama-IP6K9K (avikela ekuhlanzeni ngogesi ophakeme nokugqwala) akhethwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamojula kufanele abe nobubanzi obukhulu bokusebenza bezinga lokushisa, ngokuvamile -30°C kuya ku-60°C (-22°F kuya ku-140°F), ukuze asebenze ezimweni ezibandayo zezimvula nezishisayo zehlobo. Imiklamo evikela ukuhlekwa, efana nezibuko ezinamandla ezihlanganisiwe nezikhwama zensimbi, iqinisekisa isikhathi eside sokuphila ezindaweni ezisemathubeni aphezulu.
2.2 Ububanzi Obukhulu Be-Dynamic (WDR) Bokukhanya Okunzima
Izindawo zomphakathi zivame ukuba nezinhlangothi zokukhanya eziphakeme—cabanga ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile okushaya ubuso bendlu kanti umgwaqo ongezansi uphakathi kokuhlwa. Ngaphandle kwe-WDR, amamojula wekhamera azokhiqiza ividiyo enezindawo ezikhanyayo eziphakeme kakhulu nezindawo ezimnyama eziphansi, okwenza kube nzima ukukhomba izinto noma abantu.
I-technology ye-WDR isebenza ngokuthwebula izithombe eziningi zesimo esifanayo ezingeni lokukhanya elihlukile bese ihlanganisa lezi zithombe zibe ifreyimu eyodwa elinganisiwe. Imodyuli ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokuphepha komphakathi zinikeza ama-ratio e-WDR angama-120dB noma ngaphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuvelela ngisho nasezimo zokukhanya ezinzima kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhamba, ezangeni zokwakha, nasezikhungweni zokupaka, lapho ukukhanya kushintsha njalo.
2.3 Izinga Eliphezulu Lezithombe Zezimo Eziphuthumayo
Izigebengu noma izigameko zivame ukwenzeka ngemizuzwana, ngakho-ke amamojula wekhamera kumele abambe izithombe ezihambayo, ezinemininingwane yezenzakalo ezihamba ngokushesha. Izinga elijwayelekile leframe (24–30 FPS) lingase libhujiswe ukuhamba, kodwa amamojula okuphepha komphakathi ngokuvamile anikeza i-60 FPS noma ngaphezulu. Isibonelo, imojula enama-60 FPS ingakwazi ukubamba kahle uphawu lwezimoto njengoba idlula endaweni yokuhlangana, noma ukuhamba komuntu ngesikhathi sokuphikisana—imininingwane ezolahleka ezithombeni ezineframe eziphansi.
Ezindaweni ezinamathafa aphezulu njengezindlela ezinkulu noma izikhumulo zezindiza, amamojula athile asekelwa ngisho ne-120 FPS, avumela amaqembu ezokuphepha ukuthi anciphise ividiyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukucaciswa, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaziya izenzakalo ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo.
3. Izicelo Zangempela: Indlela Ama-Module Wekhamera Athuthukisa Ukuphepha Komphakathi
Amamojula ekhamera awawodwa—ukwakheka kwawo nezici zawo zihluka ngokuya ngendawo ethile yokuphepha komphakathi. Nansi eminye yemisebenzi ethinta kakhulu, kanye nokuthi amamojula ahlomekile ahlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zawo ezihlukile:
3.1 Ukuhlola Kwasemadolobheni: Ukugcina Amadolobha Eziphephile
Izixeko ziyindawo evame kakhulu yokufaka amamojula wekhamera yokuphepha yomphakathi, enezinkulungwane zezingxenye ezifakwe emigwaqweni, ezindaweni zokuphumula, nasezikhungweni zomphakathi. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, amamojula agxila ekutholeni indawo enkulu nokusebenza kahle ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi. Izixeko eziningi zisebenzisa amamojula wekhamera ye-panorama (ane-180° noma i-360° indawo yokubona) ukuze ziqaphe izindawo ezinkulu zokuhlangana noma izikhala ngedivayisi eyodwa, kunciphisa inani lamakhamera adingekayo nokwehlisa izindleko zokufaka.
EBARCELONA, eSpain, uhlelo lwe "Safe City" lwesigodi lusebenzisa imodyuli ye-4K panoramic enobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) ukuze ilandele ukuhamba kwabantu futhi ibone ukuphulwa kwemithetho yokuhamba. Le modyuli ithumela izaziso zesikhathi sangempela kumaphoyisa traffic uma imoto idlula emlilweni obomvu noma igijima ngokushesha, okuholele ekwehleni kwezimoto eziphukile ngo-25% kusukela uhlelo lwaqala ngonyaka ka-2022.
3.2 Izikhungo Zokuhamba: Ukuvikeleka Kwamaphoyisa, Iziteshi Zesitimela, Nezikhungo Zokuhamba Ngebhasi
Izikhungo zokuhamba zindawo ezinesikhala esikhulu sokuhlangana, ukuhweba, nokuhlaselwa. Amamojula amakhamera lapha adinga ukuphatha izixuku ezinkulu, izinto ezihamba ngokushesha (njengamatheni noma amabhasi), kanye nokukhanya okuhlukahlukene (kusuka ezikhungweni zangaphakathi kuya ezikhungweni zangaphandle). Amamojula amakhamera okushisa akhethekile ayasiza kulezi zimo, njengoba engakwazi ukuthola abantu ezindaweni ezixukwini nakuba beshiywe yizimpahla noma ezinye izinto.
Isibonelo, iHeathrow Airport eLondon isebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-visible-light kanye ne-thermal camera modules ezikhumulweni zayo. I-thermal modules ingakwazi ukuhlonza abantu abanokushisa komzimba okuphakeme (okuyingozi empilweni) futhi ibike abasebenzi bezempilo, kanti i-visible-light modules ilandelela ubukhulu bezixuku ukuze ivimbele ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu ezikhumulweni zokuphepha. Kusukela kwafakwa lezi zinhlelo, iHeathrow yehlise isikhathi sokulinda ngama-40% futhi yathuthukisa ukuphendula ezimweni zempilo ngama-50%.
3.3 Ukuphepha Kwezikole Nezikhungo: Ukuvikela Abafundi Nabasebenzi
Izikole nezikhungo zemfundo zidinga amamojula wekhamera angangeni kakhulu kodwa asebenza kahle ekuvimbeleni udlame, ukuhlekwa, nokungena okungagunyaziwe. Amamojula lapha avame ukufakwa ezicathulweni, ezindaweni zokupaka, nasezindaweni zokuhamba zangaphandle, anezici ezifana nokuhlonza ubuso (okusetshenziswa kuphela ukuze kuhlonzwe izivakashi ezingagunyaziwe, hhayi abafundi) kanye nokuthola umsindo (ukuze kutholwe umsindo omkhulu ofana nezikhala noma izibhamu).
E-United States, i-Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) isetshenzisile ama-module amakhamera anokwaziwa kwe-AI anokutholwa kwezwi ezikoleni ezingaphezu kuka-1,000. Uma i-module ithola umsindo ophakeme noma ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile, ithumela isexwayiso kumaphoyisa esikole nakumaphoyisa endaweni. Kusukela ngo-2021, lesi sikhungo sibike ukuthi kube nokwehla okungu-35% ekuphuleni izimpahla kanye nokwehla okungu-20% ezimweni zokungena okungagunyaziwe.
4. Iziqhamo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Yini Elandelayo Ngemodyuli Zekhamera Eziphathimandla Zokuphepha
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ama-module wekhamera ekubhekeni ukuphepha komphakathi azoba nobuhlakani obukhulu, ukusebenza kahle, futhi ahlanganiswe ezinhlelweni zokuphepha ezibanzi. Nansi eminye yemikhuba ephakeme okufanele uyibheke:
4.1 5G kanye ne-Edge Computing: Ukubheka Okusheshayo, Okuphendulayo
5G networks offer ultra-low latency and high bandwidth, which will revolutionize how camera modules transmit and process data. Currently, many modules send raw footage to a central server for analysis—a process that can take seconds or minutes. With 5G and edge computing, modules will process data locally (on the device or a nearby edge server) and only send critical alerts or compressed footage to the cloud. This reduces latency from seconds to milliseconds, making it ideal for emergency situations like active shooters or natural disasters.
4.2 Ukuthwebula Izithombe Eziningi: Ngaphezu KweMibala Ebonakalayo
Izinsiza zekhono lemakhamera ezizayo zizohlanganisa ukukhanya okuboniswayo, ukushisa, kanye nemifanekiso ye-infrared (IR) ukuze ziqoqe ulwazi olunembile kakhulu. Isibonelo, imodyuli ye-multispectral ingakwazi ukuthola izinto ezifihlekile (njengemikhonto ngaphansi kwezingubo) isebenzisa i-IR, kanti imifanekiso yokushisa ingakwazi ukuhlonza abantu ezindlini ezigcwele umusi ngesikhathi somlilo. Le teknoloji isivele iyahlolwa ezindaweni eziphephile kakhulu njengezikhungo zik government futhi izoba lula ukufinyelela ukuze isetshenziswe ezindaweni zokuphepha zomphakathi.
4.3 Ubumfihlo-ngokwakhiwa: Ukulinganisa Ukuvikeleka Nezikhala Zomphakathi
Omunye wezinkinga ezinkulu ezihambisana nezinhlelo zokuphepha zomphakathi yizimfihlo. Njengoba izinhlelo ziba namandla kakhulu (isb. ukuhlonza ubuso, ukulandela ngesikhathi sangempela), kukhona ukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngokusetshenziswa kabi noma ukuvikelwa kwabantu abangenacala. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, abakhiqizi bathatha izimiso "zokuphepha kwemfihlo" ezifana nalezi:
• Ukucubungula kwe-AI kudivayisi (ngakho izithombe ezingaqondile azishiyi imodyuli ngaphandle kokuba kudingekile).
• Izici zokungaziwa (ukuphazamiseka kobuso babantu abangabazweli ezithombeni).
• Izilawuli zokufinyelela eziqinile (abantu abavunyelwe kuphela abangabuka noma bahlaziye idatha).
• Amathuluzi obungcweti (ukudalula publicly lapho amakhamera efakwe khona nokuthi idatha isetshenziswa kanjani).
Amadolobha afana nePortland, e-Oregon, asevele aqhubele phambili lezi zimiso, efuna ukuthi wonke amamojula wekhamera yokuphepha yomphakathi abe nezici zokufihla imininingwane futhi adlule ezivivinyweni zonyaka zokuvikela ubumfihlo.
5. Isiphetho: Amamojula Wekhamera Njengesisekelo Sokuphepha Komphakathi Kwamuhla
Amamojula ekhamera ahambe kude ukusuka kumadivayisi alula okuthwebula ividiyo—manje ase intelligent, aqinile, futhi ayizakhi ezibalulekile zezakhiwo zokuphepha komphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvimbela ubugebengu emadolobheni, ukuvikela izikhungo zokuhamba, noma ukuvikela izikole, lawa mamojula anikeza amaqembu okuphepha amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze aphendule ngokushesha nangempumelelo ezinsongweni.
Njengoba sibheka ikusasa, ukhiye wokwandisa amandla abo kuzoba ukuhlela ubuchwepheshe bokwakha nezokuphepha. Ngokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-5G, i-edge computing, kanye ne-multispectral imaging, ngenkathi kugxilwa ekuphepheni-ngokwakhiwa, ama-module wekhamera azoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo abantu. Kubantu bezinhlaka nezikhungo ezifuna ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zabo zokuphepha komphakathi, ukutshalwa kwezimali kuma-module wekhamera aphezulu, anokusebenza kwe-AI akusikho ukukhetha—kuyisinyathelo esidingekayo sokwakha imiphakathi ephephile, enezinhlaka ezinzile.
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