isiZulu
Amamojula Okubona Ubuso Ezinhlelweni Zokubhalisela Ukufika Emaphahleni: Ukuguqula Ukusebenza Kwezokuhamba Nokuphepha
Kwadalwa ngo 11.13
Ukuhamba ngezimoto zomoya sekudlule isikhathi eside kubhekene nenkinga eyodwa evamile: imigqa emide ezikhungweni zokubhalisela. Kwesikhathi eside, abahambi babebhekana namapasipoti, amakhadi okungena, namakhadi e-ID, ngenkathi abasebenzi bezikhumulo zezindiza bechitha amahora beqinisekisa imibhalo ngesandla—inqubo eyayiphazamisekile, eneziphazamiso, futhi edidayo kubo bonke ababandakanyekayo.
Namuhla, lokho kuyashintsha.Izinhlelo zokuhlonza ubusokukhulelwe njengokuguqula umdlalo ezinhlelweni zokubhalisela izindiza, kushintsha okwakuthatha imizuzu engu-5–10 kube inqubo yemizuzwana engu-10–15. Ngaphezu kokuba “ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe,” lezi zinhlelo zishintsha indlela izikhumulo zezindiza ezibala ngayo ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nesipiliyoni somgibeli. Kulokhu, sizohlukanisa ukuthi ukuqashelwa kobuso kusebenza kanjani ezinhlelweni zokubhalisela, izinzuzo zakhona eziyisisekelo, izicelo zangempela, kanye nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo ezakha ukuthuthuka kwayo.
1. Iziphi Izindlela Zokusebenza Kwamamojula Okubona Ubuso Ekuhloleni Emaphothini?
Ngaphambi kokungena ezinzuzweni, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe obusemva kwemamojula wokuhlonza ubuso—ngaphandle kokulahleka ezichazamazwini. Ngaphakathi, le mamojula zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ubunikazi bomgibeli ngokuhlanganisa izici zabo zobuso eziphilayo nezithombe ezithembekile (njengokuthi isithombe esikhiphwe kwi-passport yabo noma kwi-ID kahulumeni).
Inqubo yenzeka ngezinyathelo ezine ezilula, ezihambisanayo:
Isinyathelo 1: Ukutholwa Kwedatha
Uma umgibeli efika esikhumulweni sokuhlola ubuso, ikhamera enezinga eliphezulu (efakwe kumoduli) ibamba isithombe sobuso bawo bukhoma. Ngokwehlukile kumakhamera abathengi, lezi zisetshenziswa zenzelwe izimo zesikhumulo sezindiza—zisebenza ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi, ukukhanya okukhulu phezulu, futhi noma umgibeli egqoke izinglasses, ithayi, noma umask (imoduli zanamuhla zisebenzisa ama-algorithms athuthukile ukuthola izimpawu ezibalulekile zobuso naphezu kokufihlekile okwengxenye).
Isinyathelo 2: Ukukhishwa Kwezici
Isofthiwe ye-module ibheka isithombe esitholiwe ukuze ikhiphe izici ezihlukile zobuso. Lezi akuzona nje "ukuthi umuntu ubukeka kanjani"—i-algorithm ibona amaphuzu angaphezu kwama-80 (njengokuphakathi kwezimpumputhe, ukwakheka komlomo, noma ukujula kwenozolo) futhi iyaguqula ibe "faceprint" ye-digital. Le faceprint iyikhodi ye-mathematical, hhayi isithombe esigciniwe, okungeza isendlalelo sokuphepha.
Isinyathelo 3: Ukuvumelanisa Okubhekwayo
Okulandelayo, imodyuli ixhuma kudathabheyisi ephephile ukuze ithole isithombe sokubhekisela somgibeli. Ezimweni eziningi, lesi yisithombe esivela kuphasi noma ivisa yabo—ukufinyelela kuvunyelwe kuphela ngezikhombisi ezibhalwe phansi, ezivunywa uhulumeni (isb., izindinganiso ze-International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO] zedatha ye-biometric). Imodyuli iqhathanisa ubuso obuphila nesithombe sokubhekisela, isebenzisa i-AI ukuze ibheke izinguquko ezincane (njengokwehla kwesisindo, ukuhlala isikhathi eside, noma ukwakheka).
Isinyathelo 4: Ukuqinisekiswa & Ukungena
Uma umphumela uphumelele (ivamise ukufuna isikhawu sokufana esingu-95%+), imodyuli iqinisekisa ubunikazi bomgibeli. Uhlelo lokubhalisela ukuhamba lwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kuvele imininingwane yokundiza kwabo, lishicilele iphasela lokungena (noma lithumele elidijithali efoni yabo), futhi lihlaziye uhlelo lokulandela abagibeli esikhumulweni sezindiza. Uma kungabikho ukufana, uhlelo lukhumbuza ilungu labasebenzi ukuze lusize—lwenza kube nokuvikeleka okungagunyaziwe ngaphandle kokubambezela abanye abagibeli.
2. Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko: Kungani Izikhumulo Zindiza Zithatha Ukuhlonza Ubuso Njengendlela Yokubhalisela Ukungena
Amamojula okwaziwa kobuso awawona nje “okuhle ukuba nakho”—axazulula ezintathu zezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nezikhumulo zezindiza kanye nabagibeli: ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nesipiliyoni. Ake sihlukanise inzuzo ngayinye ngemininingwane yezenzakalo zangempela.
2.1 Isikhathi Sokuhlola (sababambiqhaza kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza)
Izinzuzo ezicacile kakhulu yisivinini. Ukuhlola okwenziwa ngesandla okujwayelekile kuthatha imizuzu engu-6–8 ngokwesilinganiso kumgibeli ngamunye, ngokusho kwe-Airports Council International (ACI). Ngokuqhathaniswa, isikhathi sishintsha sibe imizuzwana engu-12–18—ukwehla okungu-90%.
Ngokwezikhumulo zezindiza, lokhu kuhunyushwa kube nezinqwaba ezincane nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi. Isibonelo:
• I-BeiJing Daxing International Airport (China) yathuthukisa ukuhlola ubuso kokubhalisela ukuhamba ngo-2019. Manje ibhujiswa izivakashi ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 ngehora ezikhathini eziphezulu—kuphakanyiswe kusuka ku-300 ngehora ngokubhalisela ukuhamba ngesandla.
• I-Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (U.S.) ibike ukuthi kube nokwehla okungu-40% ebude bomugqa wokubhalisela ukuhamba ngemuva kokwengeza ama-kiosk okubona ubuso ngo-2022.
Kubagibeli, umehluko uyabonakala: akusadingeki ukuba uphuthume ukuze ufike endizeni ngenxa komugqa omude wokubhalisela, futhi akusadingeki ukuba udideke phakathi kwezikhwama ukuze uthole ipasipoti.
2.2 Ukukhulisa Ukuvikeleka (Ngaphezu Kokuqinisekiswa Ngokwenziwa)
Ukubheka imibhalo ngesandla kuthinteka kalula emaphutheni abantu nasekuhlakanipheni. Abasebenzi bangaphuthelwa ipasipoti eyenziwe ngokuqamba, noma baphazamise abagibeli ababili abanamagama afanayo. Ukuqaphela ubuso kunciphisa lezi zingozi ngokugxila kudatha ye-biometric—okuthile okungakwazi ukukopishwa, ukweba, noma ukwabelwana ngakho.
Izici ezisemqoka zokuphepha zifaka phakathi:
• Ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela ekuqambeni: Imodyuli zanamuhla zihlola ubuso obuqambile (njengokuthi izithombe, imaski, noma ukuphrinta kwe-3D) ngokuhlaziya ubunjalo besikhumba, ukuhamba kwamehlo, futhi ngisho nokugeleza kwegazi (ngokusebenzisa ukushintsha kwemibala okuncane ebusweni).
• Ukuhlola idatha ngesikhathi sangempela: I-module ihlola ubuso bomgibeli neziqinisekiso zomhlaba (isb., uhlu lwabantu abafunwa yi-Interpol) ngemizuzwana—okungakwazi ukukwenziwa ukuhlola okwenziwa ngesandla.
• Izindlela zokuhlola: Ukuqinisekiswa ngakunye kubhaliswa nge-timestamp nesithombe, okwenza kube lula ukuhlola izigameko zokuphepha kamuva.
I-London Heathrow Airport (U.K.) ibike ukuthi kube ne-65% yokwehla kwecala lokukhwabanisa elihlobene nobunikazi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokwamukela ukuhlola ubuso—ubufakazi bokuthi kuthinteka kanjani ukuphepha kwayo.
2.3 Thuthukisa Isipiliyoni Sabagibeli (Akusekho “Izincwadi Ezilahlekile”)
Buza noma yimuphi umhambi: ingxenye embi kakhulu yokubhalisela ukungena yikulahleka kwephasiwedi noma ukukhohlwa ithikithi lokungena. Imodyuli yokwaziswa kobuso ikhipha le mizwa ngokwenza ubuso bomgibeli bube “ID” yabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe buqondile—akudingeki amakhono obuchwepheshe. Umgibeli ufinyelela phambi kwekhamera, ulinda ukuqinisekiswa kokuthi "kuvumelana", bese eqhubeka. Lokhu kusebenziseka kakhulu kubantu:
• Abagibeli abadala abangase babe nenkinga nezinsiza zedijithali.
• Abahambi bamazwe angaphandle abangazi kahle izinqubo zokubhalisela ukuhamba endaweni.
• Imindeni enezingane ezincane, engakwazi ukuvimbela ukujolisa emadokhumenti nasezinganeni ngasikhathi sinye.
Uphenyo lwango-2023 olwenziwe yiSkytrax luthole ukuthi u-78% wezivakashi ezisebenzise ukuhlola ubuso bathi “bazizwa bephumule kancane” ngesikhathi sokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo esikhumulweni sezindiza—kuqhathaniswa no-45% walabo abasebenzise ukuhlola ngesandla.
3. Izicelo Zangempela: Izikhumulo Zomoya Zihola Ukushintsha
Ukuhlola ubuso akusikho kuphela ukusungulwa—seku sebenzisa ezindaweni zokundiza eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Nansi emithathu emihle ebonisa ukuthi le teknoloji ilungiselela kanjani izidingo ezihlukene.
3.1 IBeijing Daxing International Airport (China): “All-Face” Ukuhamba
Beijing Daxing ungumholi ku-“ukuhamba komoya okuphelele”. Abagibeli basebenzisa ukuqashelwa kobuso kuzo zonke izinyathelo—kusukela ekubhaliseni nasekwehliseni izikhwama kuya ekuhloleni ukuphepha nasekugibeleni. Imodyuli zokubhalisela ukuhamba zendawo zixhunywe nedatha ye-ID kazwelonke yaseChina, ngakho abagibeli abadingi ukuveza noma yiziphi imibhalo ebonakalayo.
Umphumela: IDaxing manje ibeka indawo yokuqala emhlabeni ku- “ukusebenza kahle kokubhalisela” (ngokwe-ACI's 2024 report) futhi inezinga lokwaneliseka kwabagibeli elingu-92% ezinqubweni zokubhalisela.
3.2 Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (Netherlands): Ukuhambisana Kwezimali Zangaphandle
ISchiphol isebenza nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abayizigidi minyaka yonke, ngakho-ke imodyuli zayo zokuhlonza ubuso zenzelwe ukusebenza nezinhlelo zamapasipoti ezizweni ezingaphezu kweyi-100. Le ndawo yokundiza isebenzisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ze-ICAO, okusho ukuthi umgibeli ovela e-U.S., e-India, noma e-Brazil angasebenzisa le kiosk efanayo ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
USchiphol uphinde unikeze inketho ethi “Fast Track”: abahambi bangabhalisela ubuso babo ku-inthanethi ngaphambi kokufika, okubavumela ukuthi baphumelele emigqeni yokubhalisela ngokuphelele. Ngo-2023, u-60% wabahambi bamazwe omhlaba eSchiphol basebenzisa le nsizakalo.
3.3 Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (U.S.): Hybrid Check-In
I-Atlanta's airport ayizange ishintshe ukuhlola ngesandla—futhi yengeze ukufaniswa kobuso njengenketho. Le modeli "ehlanganisiwe" ihlinzeka kubo bonke abahambi: labo abathanda ama-biometrics bangasebenzisa ama-kiosk, kanti labo abafuna usizo lomuntu bangavakashela endaweni enabasebenzi.
Izikhungo zephoyisa zixhunywe futhi nezinhlelo zayo zokuphatha izikhwama. Uma ubuso bomgibeli buqinisekisiwe, uhlelo luhlanganisa izikhwama zabo ngemininingwane yokundiza—lwehlisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhwama ngama-35%.
4. Izinselelo Eziyinhloko (nokuthi Ungazixazulula Kanjani)
Akukho ubuchwepheshe obuphelele, futhi ukuhlola ubuso kunezithiyo zayo. Iziqubu ezinhle ukuthi izikhumulo zezindiza nabahlinzeki bezobuchwepheshe sebesiqhuba lezi zinkinga.
4.1 Ukuvikeleka Kwedatha
Ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwabagibeli kukuthi: “Ubani onokufinyelela emfanekisweni wami?” Lokhu kuyasebenza—idatha ye-biometric ibucayi, futhi ukuvuza kungaba yingozi enkulu.
Izixazululo:
• Ukufihla kokuphela kuya ekupheleni: Izingxenye eziningi zifihla ubuso ngesikhathi sokuthwebula, ukudluliswa, nokugcina. Akekho (ngisho nabasebenzi bezikhumulo zezindiza) ongafinyelela kudatha engashintshwanga.
• Ukunciphisa idatha: Izikhumulo zezindiza zigcina kuphela ubuso beziguli ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwazo. Uma indiza isuka, idatha iyasulwa (ngokwe-GDPR neminye imithetho yokuvikela ubumfihlo emhlabeni jikelele).
• Ukucacisa: Izikhumulo zezindiza zikhumbuza ngokucacile abagibeli ukuthi ukubona ubuso kuyinketho futhi zichaza ukuthi idatha yabo izosetshenziswa kanjani (isb., ngezimemezelo ezikwi-kiosk noma ama-imeyili ngaphambi kokundiza).
4.2 Ukuhambisana Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezinhlelo Zangaphambili
Amathafa amaningi anezinhlelo zokubhalisela ukuhamba ezindala ezingakaze zenzelwe ama-biometric. Ukuhlanganisa imodyuli yokuhlonza ubuso kungabiza kakhulu futhi kuthathe isikhathi.
Izixazululo:
• Ukuklama okuModular: Imodyuli yokwaziswa kobuso yesimanje "plug-and-play"—zingaxhunywa kumakhono okungena akhona nge-APIs, akudingeki ukulungiswa kwempahla yonke.
• Ukukhishwa kwezigaba: Izikhumulo zezindiza azidingi ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe bonke ngasikhathi sinye. Isibonelo, zingaqala ngezikhala ezimbalwa endaweni eyodwa, bese zandisa njengoba zibona imiphumela.
4.3 Ukufinyelela Kwabo Bonke Abagibeli
Abanye ababambiqhaza bangase bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ukubonwa kobuso—isb., labo abanokukhubazeka kobuso, noma labo abaphikisa le teknoloji ngezizathu zokholo.
Izixazululo:
• Izinketho ezihlukile: Izikhumulo zezindiza zihlala zivula izikhungo zokubhalisela ukuhamba ezandleni zabagibeli abangakwazi noma abangafuni ukusebenzisa ukuhlonza ubuso.
• Ubuchwepheshe obuhambisanayo: Imodyuli ezintsha zisebenzisa amakhamera e-3D kanye ne-AI ukuze ziqaphele ubuso noma zibe nezici ezihlukile (isb., izilonda, ama-prosthetics). Ezinye izikhumulo zezindiza zikhona futhi ezikhokhelwayo ezihamba ngezwi zabagibeli abanezinselelo zokubona.
5. Iziqinisekiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Yini Elandelayo Yokuhlonza Ubuso?
Ubuchwepheshe abuphumuli lapha. Phakathi neminyaka emihlanu ezayo, sizobona amathrendi amathathu amakhulu akha imodyuli zokuhlonza ubuso ezikhumulweni zezindiza:
5.1 I-Biometrics ye-Multimodal (Ngaphezu Kwezinhlangothi)
Ukukhomba ubuso kuzohlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokuhlola abantu—njengezithombe zezimfanelo noma izithombe ze-iris—ukwakha uhlelo lokuqinisekisa "olunezici eziningi". Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi ukuhamba kube nokuphepha okwengeziwe, njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuzenzisa izici eziningi zokuhlola abantu ngasikhathi sinye.
Isibonelo, iHholo leMidlalo laseTokyo iHaneda seliqala ukuhlola uhlelo lapho abagibeli besebenzisa ubuso babo kanye nezinhlamvu zefinger ukuze bahlola. Idatha yokuqala ikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kunciphisa ubugebengu ngaphezulu kuka-25% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwaziswa kuphela kobuso.
5.2 Ukugcinwa Okubikezelwe Okusekelwe ku-AI
Amamojula azosebenzisa i-AI ukuze aqaphe ukusebenza kwawo. Isibonelo, uma ilensi yekhamera ingcolile, uhlelo luzokwazisa abasebenzi bokunakekela ngaphambi kokuba kubangele ukubambezeleka. Lokhu kuzonciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi ama-kiosk wokubhalisela ukufika ahlale esebenza.
IDubai International Airport (UAE) is already using this technology. Its face recognition modules have a 99.2% uptime rate—up from 95% before AI maintenance was added.
5.3 Ukwabelana Ngemininingwane Kwamaphoyisa Asezindaweni Zokundiza
Okwamanje, umgibeli obhalisela ubuso bakhe endaweni yokundiza kumele abhalise futhi kwenye. Esikhathini esizayo, sizobona “izithombe zomzimba zomhlaba” ezisebenza ezindaweni zokundiza. Isibonelo, umgibeli angabhalisela ubuso bakhe ne-alikhansi yomhlaba (njenge-Star Alliance) bese esebenzisa lokhu ukuze abhalise endaweni yokundiza ethile.
I-ICAO isivele isebenza ngestandadi yomhlaba wonke ngalokhu, engase iqale ukusebenza ngonyaka ka-2027.
Isiphetho: Ukuhlonza Ubuso Kuphinde Kwenze Kabusha Ukuhamba Ngebhasi
Izinhlelo zokuhlonza ubuso azisiyona nje “imfashini ye-tech”—ziyisidingo sokuthuthuka ezindizeni. Zixazulula izinkinga ezindala zokubhalisela ukuhamba okslow kanye nezokuphepha eziphansi, ngenkathi zenza ukuhamba kube nokudangala okuncane kubagibeli.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buphuculwa, sizobona nezindiza eziningi zisebenzisa lokhu—ikakhulukazi njengoba abahambi bejwayele ukulindela izipiliyoni zokubhalisela ukuhamba ezisheshayo, ezingenamkhawulo. Ukhiye wokuphumelela kuzoba ukuhlela ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuhambisana nezimfihlo kanye nokufinyeleleka: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubona ubuso kusebenza kubo bonke, hhayi kuphela kubahambi abanolwazi ngotekhnoloji.
Ngemikhumbi yokundiza esakhaleni: idatha ikhuluma yona. Imikhumbi yokundiza esebenzisa ukuhlonza ubuso ngesikhathi sokubhalisela ukundiza ibona imikhawulo emifushane, abahambi abajabule, kanye nezokuphepha eziqinile. Emhlabeni lapho ukuhamba kuthola ukwanda unyaka nonyaka, lokho kuyinzuzo-enziwayo.
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